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 /*

  * Copyright (c) 2001, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

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  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as

  * published by the Free Software Foundation.

  *

  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or

  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that

  * accompanied this code).

  *

  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version

  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,

  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

  *

  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA

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 #ifndef SHARE_VM_GC_IMPLEMENTATION_G1_G1COLLECTEDHEAP_HPP

 #define SHARE_VM_GC_IMPLEMENTATION_G1_G1COLLECTEDHEAP_HPP

 #include "gc_implementation/g1/concurrentMark.hpp"

 #include "gc_implementation/g1/g1AllocRegion.hpp"

 #include "gc_implementation/g1/g1RemSet.hpp"

 #include "gc_implementation/g1/g1MonitoringSupport.hpp"

 #include "gc_implementation/g1/heapRegionSeq.hpp"

 #include "gc_implementation/g1/heapRegionSets.hpp"

 #include "gc_implementation/shared/hSpaceCounters.hpp"

 #include "gc_implementation/parNew/parGCAllocBuffer.hpp"

 #include "memory/barrierSet.hpp"

 #include "memory/memRegion.hpp"

 #include "memory/sharedHeap.hpp"

 // A "G1CollectedHeap" is an implementation of a java heap for HotSpot.

 // It uses the "Garbage First" heap organization and algorithm, which

 // may combine concurrent marking with parallel, incremental compaction of

 // heap subsets that will yield large amounts of garbage.

 class HeapRegion;

 class HRRSCleanupTask;

 class PermanentGenerationSpec;

 class GenerationSpec;

 class OopsInHeapRegionClosure;

 class G1ScanHeapEvacClosure;

 class ObjectClosure;

 class SpaceClosure;

 class CompactibleSpaceClosure;

 class Space;

 class G1CollectorPolicy;

 class GenRemSet;

 class G1RemSet;

 class HeapRegionRemSetIterator;

 class ConcurrentMark;

 class ConcurrentMarkThread;

 class ConcurrentG1Refine;

 class GenerationCounters;

 typedef OverflowTaskQueue<StarTask>         RefToScanQueue;

 typedef GenericTaskQueueSet<RefToScanQueue> RefToScanQueueSet;

 typedef int RegionIdx_t;   // needs to hold [ 0..max_regions() )

 typedef int CardIdx_t;     // needs to hold [ 0..CardsPerRegion )

 enum GCAllocPurpose {

   GCAllocForTenured,

   GCAllocForSurvived,

   GCAllocPurposeCount

 };

 class YoungList : public CHeapObj {

 private:

   G1CollectedHeap* _g1h;

   HeapRegion* _head;

   HeapRegion* _survivor_head;

   HeapRegion* _survivor_tail;

   HeapRegion* _curr;

   size_t      _length;

   size_t      _survivor_length;

   size_t      _last_sampled_rs_lengths;

   size_t      _sampled_rs_lengths;

   void         empty_list(HeapRegion* list);

 public:

   YoungList(G1CollectedHeap* g1h);

   void         push_region(HeapRegion* hr);

   void         add_survivor_region(HeapRegion* hr);

   void         empty_list();

   bool         is_empty() { return _length == 0; }

   size_t       length() { return _length; }

   size_t       survivor_length() { return _survivor_length; }

   // Currently we do not keep track of the used byte sum for the

   // young list and the survivors and it'd be quite a lot of work to

   // do so. When we'll eventually replace the young list with

   // instances of HeapRegionLinkedList we'll get that for free. So,

   // we'll report the more accurate information then.

   size_t       eden_used_bytes() {

     assert(length() >= survivor_length(), "invariant");

     return (length() - survivor_length()) * HeapRegion::GrainBytes;

   }

   size_t       survivor_used_bytes() {

     return survivor_length() * HeapRegion::GrainBytes;

   }

   void rs_length_sampling_init();

   bool rs_length_sampling_more();

   void rs_length_sampling_next();

   void reset_sampled_info() {

     _last_sampled_rs_lengths =   0;

   }

   size_t sampled_rs_lengths() { return _last_sampled_rs_lengths; }

   // for development purposes

   void reset_auxilary_lists();

   void clear() { _head = NULL; _length = 0; }

   void clear_survivors() {

     _survivor_head    = NULL;

     _survivor_tail    = NULL;

     _survivor_length  = 0;

   }

   HeapRegion* first_region() { return _head; }

   HeapRegion* first_survivor_region() { return _survivor_head; }

   HeapRegion* last_survivor_region() { return _survivor_tail; }

   // debugging

   bool          check_list_well_formed();

   bool          check_list_empty(bool check_sample = true);

   void          print();

 };

 class MutatorAllocRegion : public G1AllocRegion {

 protected:

   virtual HeapRegion* allocate_new_region(size_t word_size, bool force);

   virtual void retire_region(HeapRegion* alloc_region, size_t allocated_bytes);

 public:

   MutatorAllocRegion()

     : G1AllocRegion("Mutator Alloc Region", false /* bot_updates */) { }

 };

 class RefineCardTableEntryClosure;

 class G1CollectedHeap : public SharedHeap {

   friend class VM_G1CollectForAllocation;

   friend class VM_GenCollectForPermanentAllocation;

   friend class VM_G1CollectFull;

   friend class VM_G1IncCollectionPause;

   friend class VMStructs;

   friend class MutatorAllocRegion;

   // Closures used in implementation.

   friend class G1ParCopyHelper;

   friend class G1IsAliveClosure;

   friend class G1EvacuateFollowersClosure;

   friend class G1ParScanThreadState;

   friend class G1ParScanClosureSuper;

   friend class G1ParEvacuateFollowersClosure;

   friend class G1ParTask;

   friend class G1FreeGarbageRegionClosure;

   friend class RefineCardTableEntryClosure;

   friend class G1PrepareCompactClosure;

   friend class RegionSorter;

   friend class RegionResetter;

   friend class CountRCClosure;

   friend class EvacPopObjClosure;

   friend class G1ParCleanupCTTask;

   // Other related classes.

   friend class G1MarkSweep;

 private:

   // The one and only G1CollectedHeap, so static functions can find it.

   static G1CollectedHeap* _g1h;

   static size_t _humongous_object_threshold_in_words;

   // Storage for the G1 heap (excludes the permanent generation).

   VirtualSpace _g1_storage;

   MemRegion    _g1_reserved;

   // The part of _g1_storage that is currently committed.

   MemRegion _g1_committed;

   // The master free list. It will satisfy all new region allocations.

   MasterFreeRegionList      _free_list;

   // The secondary free list which contains regions that have been

   // freed up during the cleanup process. This will be appended to the

   // master free list when appropriate.

   SecondaryFreeRegionList   _secondary_free_list;

   // It keeps track of the humongous regions.

   MasterHumongousRegionSet  _humongous_set;

   // The number of regions we could create by expansion.

   size_t _expansion_regions;

   // The block offset table for the G1 heap.

   G1BlockOffsetSharedArray* _bot_shared;

   // Move all of the regions off the free lists, then rebuild those free

   // lists, before and after full GC.

   void tear_down_region_lists();

   void rebuild_region_lists();

   // The sequence of all heap regions in the heap.

   HeapRegionSeq _hrs;

   // Alloc region used to satisfy mutator allocation requests.

   MutatorAllocRegion _mutator_alloc_region;

   // It resets the mutator alloc region before new allocations can take place.

   void init_mutator_alloc_region();

   // It releases the mutator alloc region.

   void release_mutator_alloc_region();

   void abandon_gc_alloc_regions();

   // The to-space memory regions into which objects are being copied during

   // a GC.

   HeapRegion* _gc_alloc_regions[GCAllocPurposeCount];

   size_t _gc_alloc_region_counts[GCAllocPurposeCount];

   // These are the regions, one per GCAllocPurpose, that are half-full

   // at the end of a collection and that we want to reuse during the

   // next collection.

   HeapRegion* _retained_gc_alloc_regions[GCAllocPurposeCount];

   // This specifies whether we will keep the last half-full region at

   // the end of a collection so that it can be reused during the next

   // collection (this is specified per GCAllocPurpose)

   bool _retain_gc_alloc_region[GCAllocPurposeCount];

   // A list of the regions that have been set to be alloc regions in the

   // current collection.

   HeapRegion* _gc_alloc_region_list;

   // Helper for monitoring and management support.

   G1MonitoringSupport* _g1mm;

   // Determines PLAB size for a particular allocation purpose.

   static size_t desired_plab_sz(GCAllocPurpose purpose);

   // When called by par thread, requires the FreeList_lock to be held.

   void push_gc_alloc_region(HeapRegion* hr);

   // This should only be called single-threaded.  Undeclares all GC alloc

   // regions.

   void forget_alloc_region_list();

   // Should be used to set an alloc region, because there's other

   // associated bookkeeping.

   void set_gc_alloc_region(int purpose, HeapRegion* r);

   // Check well-formedness of alloc region list.

   bool check_gc_alloc_regions();

   // Outside of GC pauses, the number of bytes used in all regions other

   // than the current allocation region.

   size_t _summary_bytes_used;

   // This is used for a quick test on whether a reference points into

   // the collection set or not. Basically, we have an array, with one

   // byte per region, and that byte denotes whether the corresponding

   // region is in the collection set or not. The entry corresponding

   // the bottom of the heap, i.e., region 0, is pointed to by

   // _in_cset_fast_test_base.  The _in_cset_fast_test field has been

   // biased so that it actually points to address 0 of the address

   // space, to make the test as fast as possible (we can simply shift

   // the address to address into it, instead of having to subtract the

   // bottom of the heap from the address before shifting it; basically

   // it works in the same way the card table works).

   bool* _in_cset_fast_test;

   // The allocated array used for the fast test on whether a reference

   // points into the collection set or not. This field is also used to

   // free the array.

   bool* _in_cset_fast_test_base;

   // The length of the _in_cset_fast_test_base array.

   size_t _in_cset_fast_test_length;

   volatile unsigned _gc_time_stamp;

   size_t* _surviving_young_words;

   void setup_surviving_young_words();

   void update_surviving_young_words(size_t* surv_young_words);

   void cleanup_surviving_young_words();

   // It decides whether an explicit GC should start a concurrent cycle

   // instead of doing a STW GC. Currently, a concurrent cycle is

   // explicitly started if:

   // (a) cause == _gc_locker and +GCLockerInvokesConcurrent, or

   // (b) cause == _java_lang_system_gc and +ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent.

   bool should_do_concurrent_full_gc(GCCause::Cause cause);

   // Keeps track of how many "full collections" (i.e., Full GCs or

   // concurrent cycles) we have completed. The number of them we have

   // started is maintained in _total_full_collections in CollectedHeap.

   volatile unsigned int _full_collections_completed;

   // This is a non-product method that is helpful for testing. It is

   // called at the end of a GC and artificially expands the heap by

   // allocating a number of dead regions. This way we can induce very

   // frequent marking cycles and stress the cleanup / concurrent

   // cleanup code more (as all the regions that will be allocated by

   // this method will be found dead by the marking cycle).

   void allocate_dummy_regions() PRODUCT_RETURN;

   // These are macros so that, if the assert fires, we get the correct

   // line number, file, etc.

 #define heap_locking_asserts_err_msg(_extra_message_)                         \

   err_msg("%s : Heap_lock locked: %s, at safepoint: %s, is VM thread: %s",    \

           (_extra_message_),                                                  \

           BOOL_TO_STR(Heap_lock->owned_by_self()),                            \

           BOOL_TO_STR(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint()),               \

           BOOL_TO_STR(Thread::current()->is_VM_thread()))

 #define assert_heap_locked()                                                  \

   do {                                                                        \

     assert(Heap_lock->owned_by_self(),                                        \

            heap_locking_asserts_err_msg("should be holding the Heap_lock"));  \

   } while (0)

 #define assert_heap_locked_or_at_safepoint(_should_be_vm_thread_)             \

   do {                                                                        \

     assert(Heap_lock->owned_by_self() ||                                      \

            (SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint() &&                        \

              ((_should_be_vm_thread_) == Thread::current()->is_VM_thread())), \

            heap_locking_asserts_err_msg("should be holding the Heap_lock or " \

                                         "should be at a safepoint"));         \

   } while (0)

 #define assert_heap_locked_and_not_at_safepoint()                             \

   do {                                                                        \

     assert(Heap_lock->owned_by_self() &&                                      \

                                     !SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), \

           heap_locking_asserts_err_msg("should be holding the Heap_lock and " \

                                        "should not be at a safepoint"));      \

   } while (0)

 #define assert_heap_not_locked()                                              \

   do {                                                                        \

     assert(!Heap_lock->owned_by_self(),                                       \

         heap_locking_asserts_err_msg("should not be holding the Heap_lock")); \

   } while (0)

 #define assert_heap_not_locked_and_not_at_safepoint()                         \

   do {                                                                        \

     assert(!Heap_lock->owned_by_self() &&                                     \

                                     !SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), \

       heap_locking_asserts_err_msg("should not be holding the Heap_lock and " \

                                    "should not be at a safepoint"));          \

   } while (0)

 #define assert_at_safepoint(_should_be_vm_thread_)                            \

   do {                                                                        \

     assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint() &&                         \

               ((_should_be_vm_thread_) == Thread::current()->is_VM_thread()), \

            heap_locking_asserts_err_msg("should be at a safepoint"));         \

   } while (0)

 #define assert_not_at_safepoint()                                             \

   do {                                                                        \

     assert(!SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(),                          \

            heap_locking_asserts_err_msg("should not be at a safepoint"));     \

   } while (0)

 protected:

   // Returns "true" iff none of the gc alloc regions have any allocations

   // since the last call to "save_marks".

   bool all_alloc_regions_no_allocs_since_save_marks();

   // Perform finalization stuff on all allocation regions.

   void retire_all_alloc_regions();

   // The number of regions allocated to hold humongous objects.

   int         _num_humongous_regions;

   YoungList*  _young_list;

   // The current policy object for the collector.

   G1CollectorPolicy* _g1_policy;

   // This is the second level of trying to allocate a new region. If

   // new_region() didn't find a region on the free_list, this call will

   // check whether there's anything available on the

   // secondary_free_list and/or wait for more regions to appear on

   // that list, if _free_regions_coming is set.

   HeapRegion* new_region_try_secondary_free_list();

   // Try to allocate a single non-humongous HeapRegion sufficient for

   // an allocation of the given word_size. If do_expand is true,

   // attempt to expand the heap if necessary to satisfy the allocation

   // request.

   HeapRegion* new_region(size_t word_size, bool do_expand);

   // Try to allocate a new region to be used for allocation by

   // a GC thread. It will try to expand the heap if no region is

   // available.

   HeapRegion* new_gc_alloc_region(int purpose, size_t word_size);

   // Attempt to satisfy a humongous allocation request of the given

   // size by finding a contiguous set of free regions of num_regions

   // length and remove them from the master free list. Return the

   // index of the first region or G1_NULL_HRS_INDEX if the search

   // was unsuccessful.

   size_t humongous_obj_allocate_find_first(size_t num_regions,

                                            size_t word_size);

   // Initialize a contiguous set of free regions of length num_regions

   // and starting at index first so that they appear as a single

   // humongous region.

   HeapWord* humongous_obj_allocate_initialize_regions(size_t first,

                                                       size_t num_regions,

                                                       size_t word_size);

   // Attempt to allocate a humongous object of the given size. Return

   // NULL if unsuccessful.

   HeapWord* humongous_obj_allocate(size_t word_size);

   // The following two methods, allocate_new_tlab() and

   // mem_allocate(), are the two main entry points from the runtime

   // into the G1's allocation routines. They have the following

   // assumptions:

   //

   // * They should both be called outside safepoints.

   //

   // * They should both be called without holding the Heap_lock.

   //

   // * All allocation requests for new TLABs should go to

   //   allocate_new_tlab().

   //

   // * All non-TLAB allocation requests should go to mem_allocate()

   //   and mem_allocate() should never be called with is_tlab == true.

   //

   // * If either call cannot satisfy the allocation request using the

   //   current allocating region, they will try to get a new one. If

   //   this fails, they will attempt to do an evacuation pause and

   //   retry the allocation.

   //

   // * If all allocation attempts fail, even after trying to schedule

   //   an evacuation pause, allocate_new_tlab() will return NULL,

   //   whereas mem_allocate() will attempt a heap expansion and/or

   //   schedule a Full GC.

   //

   // * We do not allow humongous-sized TLABs. So, allocate_new_tlab

   //   should never be called with word_size being humongous. All

   //   humongous allocation requests should go to mem_allocate() which

   //   will satisfy them with a special path.

   virtual HeapWord* allocate_new_tlab(size_t word_size);

   virtual HeapWord* mem_allocate(size_t word_size,

                                  bool   is_noref,

                                  bool   is_tlab, /* expected to be false */

                                  bool*  gc_overhead_limit_was_exceeded);

   // The following three methods take a gc_count_before_ret

   // parameter which is used to return the GC count if the method

   // returns NULL. Given that we are required to read the GC count

   // while holding the Heap_lock, and these paths will take the

   // Heap_lock at some point, it's easier to get them to read the GC

   // count while holding the Heap_lock before they return NULL instead

   // of the caller (namely: mem_allocate()) having to also take the

   // Heap_lock just to read the GC count.

   // First-level mutator allocation attempt: try to allocate out of

   // the mutator alloc region without taking the Heap_lock. This

   // should only be used for non-humongous allocations.

   inline HeapWord* attempt_allocation(size_t word_size,

                                       unsigned int* gc_count_before_ret);

   // Second-level mutator allocation attempt: take the Heap_lock and

   // retry the allocation attempt, potentially scheduling a GC

   // pause. This should only be used for non-humongous allocations.

   HeapWord* attempt_allocation_slow(size_t word_size,

                                     unsigned int* gc_count_before_ret);

   // Takes the Heap_lock and attempts a humongous allocation. It can

   // potentially schedule a GC pause.

   HeapWord* attempt_allocation_humongous(size_t word_size,

                                          unsigned int* gc_count_before_ret);

   // Allocation attempt that should be called during safepoints (e.g.,

   // at the end of a successful GC). expect_null_mutator_alloc_region

   // specifies whether the mutator alloc region is expected to be NULL

   // or not.

   HeapWord* attempt_allocation_at_safepoint(size_t word_size,

                                        bool expect_null_mutator_alloc_region);

   // It dirties the cards that cover the block so that so that the post

   // write barrier never queues anything when updating objects on this

   // block. It is assumed (and in fact we assert) that the block

   // belongs to a young region.

   inline void dirty_young_block(HeapWord* start, size_t word_size);

   // Allocate blocks during garbage collection. Will ensure an

   // allocation region, either by picking one or expanding the

   // heap, and then allocate a block of the given size. The block

   // may not be a humongous - it must fit into a single heap region.

   HeapWord* par_allocate_during_gc(GCAllocPurpose purpose, size_t word_size);

   HeapWord* allocate_during_gc_slow(GCAllocPurpose purpose,

                                     HeapRegion*    alloc_region,

                                     bool           par,

                                     size_t         word_size);

   // Ensure that no further allocations can happen in "r", bearing in mind

   // that parallel threads might be attempting allocations.

   void par_allocate_remaining_space(HeapRegion* r);

   // Retires an allocation region when it is full or at the end of a

   // GC pause.

   void  retire_alloc_region(HeapRegion* alloc_region, bool par);

   // These two methods are the "callbacks" from the G1AllocRegion class.

   HeapRegion* new_mutator_alloc_region(size_t word_size, bool force);

   void retire_mutator_alloc_region(HeapRegion* alloc_region,

                                    size_t allocated_bytes);

   // - if explicit_gc is true, the GC is for a System.gc() or a heap

   //   inspection request and should collect the entire heap

   // - if clear_all_soft_refs is true, all soft references should be

   //   cleared during the GC

   // - if explicit_gc is false, word_size describes the allocation that

   //   the GC should attempt (at least) to satisfy

   // - it returns false if it is unable to do the collection due to the

   //   GC locker being active, true otherwise

   bool do_collection(bool explicit_gc,

                      bool clear_all_soft_refs,

                      size_t word_size);

   // Callback from VM_G1CollectFull operation.

   // Perform a full collection.

   void do_full_collection(bool clear_all_soft_refs);

   // Resize the heap if necessary after a full collection.  If this is

   // after a collect-for allocation, "word_size" is the allocation size,

   // and will be considered part of the used portion of the heap.

   void resize_if_necessary_after_full_collection(size_t word_size);

   // Callback from VM_G1CollectForAllocation operation.

   // This function does everything necessary/possible to satisfy a

   // failed allocation request (including collection, expansion, etc.)

   HeapWord* satisfy_failed_allocation(size_t word_size, bool* succeeded);

   // Attempting to expand the heap sufficiently

   // to support an allocation of the given "word_size".  If

   // successful, perform the allocation and return the address of the

   // allocated block, or else "NULL".

   HeapWord* expand_and_allocate(size_t word_size);

 public:

   G1MonitoringSupport* g1mm() { return _g1mm; }

   // Expand the garbage-first heap by at least the given size (in bytes!).

   // Returns true if the heap was expanded by the requested amount;

   // false otherwise.

   // (Rounds up to a HeapRegion boundary.)

   bool expand(size_t expand_bytes);

   // Do anything common to GC's.

   virtual void gc_prologue(bool full);

   virtual void gc_epilogue(bool full);

   // We register a region with the fast "in collection set" test. We

   // simply set to true the array slot corresponding to this region.

   void register_region_with_in_cset_fast_test(HeapRegion* r) {

     assert(_in_cset_fast_test_base != NULL, "sanity");

     assert(r->in_collection_set(), "invariant");

     size_t index = r->hrs_index();

     assert(index < _in_cset_fast_test_length, "invariant");

     assert(!_in_cset_fast_test_base[index], "invariant");

     _in_cset_fast_test_base[index] = true;

   }

   // This is a fast test on whether a reference points into the

   // collection set or not. It does not assume that the reference

   // points into the heap; if it doesn't, it will return false.

   bool in_cset_fast_test(oop obj) {

     assert(_in_cset_fast_test != NULL, "sanity");

     if (_g1_committed.contains((HeapWord*) obj)) {

       // no need to subtract the bottom of the heap from obj,

       // _in_cset_fast_test is biased

       size_t index = ((size_t) obj) >> HeapRegion::LogOfHRGrainBytes;

       bool ret = _in_cset_fast_test[index];

       // let's make sure the result is consistent with what the slower

       // test returns

       assert( ret || !obj_in_cs(obj), "sanity");

       assert(!ret ||  obj_in_cs(obj), "sanity");

       return ret;

     } else {

       return false;

     }

   }

   void clear_cset_fast_test() {

     assert(_in_cset_fast_test_base != NULL, "sanity");

     memset(_in_cset_fast_test_base, false,

         _in_cset_fast_test_length * sizeof(bool));

   }

   // This is called at the end of either a concurrent cycle or a Full

   // GC to update the number of full collections completed. Those two

   // can happen in a nested fashion, i.e., we start a concurrent

   // cycle, a Full GC happens half-way through it which ends first,

   // and then the cycle notices that a Full GC happened and ends

   // too. The concurrent parameter is a boolean to help us do a bit

   // tighter consistency checking in the method. If concurrent is

   // false, the caller is the inner caller in the nesting (i.e., the

   // Full GC). If concurrent is true, the caller is the outer caller

   // in this nesting (i.e., the concurrent cycle). Further nesting is

   // not currently supported. The end of the this call also notifies

   // the FullGCCount_lock in case a Java thread is waiting for a full

   // GC to happen (e.g., it called System.gc() with

   // +ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent).

   void increment_full_collections_completed(bool concurrent);

   unsigned int full_collections_completed() {

     return _full_collections_completed;

   }

 protected:

   // Shrink the garbage-first heap by at most the given size (in bytes!).

   // (Rounds down to a HeapRegion boundary.)

   virtual void shrink(size_t expand_bytes);

   void shrink_helper(size_t expand_bytes);

   #if TASKQUEUE_STATS

   static void print_taskqueue_stats_hdr(outputStream* const st = gclog_or_tty);

   void print_taskqueue_stats(outputStream* const st = gclog_or_tty) const;

   void reset_taskqueue_stats();

   #endif // TASKQUEUE_STATS

   // Schedule the VM operation that will do an evacuation pause to

   // satisfy an allocation request of word_size. *succeeded will

   // return whether the VM operation was successful (it did do an

   // evacuation pause) or not (another thread beat us to it or the GC

   // locker was active). Given that we should not be holding the

   // Heap_lock when we enter this method, we will pass the

   // gc_count_before (i.e., total_collections()) as a parameter since

   // it has to be read while holding the Heap_lock. Currently, both

   // methods that call do_collection_pause() release the Heap_lock

   // before the call, so it's easy to read gc_count_before just before.

   HeapWord* do_collection_pause(size_t       word_size,

                                 unsigned int gc_count_before,

                                 bool*        succeeded);

   // The guts of the incremental collection pause, executed by the vm

   // thread. It returns false if it is unable to do the collection due

   // to the GC locker being active, true otherwise

   bool do_collection_pause_at_safepoint(double target_pause_time_ms);

   // Actually do the work of evacuating the collection set.

   void evacuate_collection_set();

   // The g1 remembered set of the heap.

   G1RemSet* _g1_rem_set;

   // And it's mod ref barrier set, used to track updates for the above.

   ModRefBarrierSet* _mr_bs;

   // A set of cards that cover the objects for which the Rsets should be updated

   // concurrently after the collection.

   DirtyCardQueueSet _dirty_card_queue_set;

   // The Heap Region Rem Set Iterator.

   HeapRegionRemSetIterator** _rem_set_iterator;

   // The closure used to refine a single card.

   RefineCardTableEntryClosure* _refine_cte_cl;

   // A function to check the consistency of dirty card logs.

   void check_ct_logs_at_safepoint();

   // A DirtyCardQueueSet that is used to hold cards that contain

   // references into the current collection set. This is used to

   // update the remembered sets of the regions in the collection

   // set in the event of an evacuation failure.

   DirtyCardQueueSet _into_cset_dirty_card_queue_set;

   // After a collection pause, make the regions in the CS into free

   // regions.

   void free_collection_set(HeapRegion* cs_head);

   // Abandon the current collection set without recording policy

   // statistics or updating free lists.

   void abandon_collection_set(HeapRegion* cs_head);

   // Applies "scan_non_heap_roots" to roots outside the heap,

   // "scan_rs" to roots inside the heap (having done "set_region" to

   // indicate the region in which the root resides), and does "scan_perm"

   // (setting the generation to the perm generation.)  If "scan_rs" is

   // NULL, then this step is skipped.  The "worker_i"

   // param is for use with parallel roots processing, and should be

   // the "i" of the calling parallel worker thread's work(i) function.

   // In the sequential case this param will be ignored.

   void g1_process_strong_roots(bool collecting_perm_gen,

                                SharedHeap::ScanningOption so,

                                OopClosure* scan_non_heap_roots,

                                OopsInHeapRegionClosure* scan_rs,

                                OopsInGenClosure* scan_perm,

                                int worker_i);

   // Apply "blk" to all the weak roots of the system.  These include

   // JNI weak roots, the code cache, system dictionary, symbol table,

   // string table, and referents of reachable weak refs.

   void g1_process_weak_roots(OopClosure* root_closure,

                              OopClosure* non_root_closure);

   // Invoke "save_marks" on all heap regions.

   void save_marks();

   // Frees a non-humongous region by initializing its contents and

   // adding it to the free list that's passed as a parameter (this is

   // usually a local list which will be appended to the master free

   // list later). The used bytes of freed regions are accumulated in

   // pre_used. If par is true, the region's RSet will not be freed

   // up. The assumption is that this will be done later.

   void free_region(HeapRegion* hr,

                    size_t* pre_used,

                    FreeRegionList* free_list,

                    bool par);

   // Frees a humongous region by collapsing it into individual regions

   // and calling free_region() for each of them. The freed regions

   // will be added to the free list that's passed as a parameter (this

   // is usually a local list which will be appended to the master free

   // list later). The used bytes of freed regions are accumulated in

   // pre_used. If par is true, the region's RSet will not be freed

   // up. The assumption is that this will be done later.

   void free_humongous_region(HeapRegion* hr,

                              size_t* pre_used,

                              FreeRegionList* free_list,

                              HumongousRegionSet* humongous_proxy_set,

                              bool par);

   // Notifies all the necessary spaces that the committed space has

   // been updated (either expanded or shrunk). It should be called

   // after _g1_storage is updated.

   void update_committed_space(HeapWord* old_end, HeapWord* new_end);

   // The concurrent marker (and the thread it runs in.)

   ConcurrentMark* _cm;

   ConcurrentMarkThread* _cmThread;

   bool _mark_in_progress;

   // The concurrent refiner.

   ConcurrentG1Refine* _cg1r;

   // The parallel task queues

   RefToScanQueueSet *_task_queues;

   // True iff a evacuation has failed in the current collection.

   bool _evacuation_failed;

   // Set the attribute indicating whether evacuation has failed in the

   // current collection.

   void set_evacuation_failed(bool b) { _evacuation_failed = b; }

   // Failed evacuations cause some logical from-space objects to have

   // forwarding pointers to themselves.  Reset them.

   void remove_self_forwarding_pointers();

   // When one is non-null, so is the other.  Together, they each pair is

   // an object with a preserved mark, and its mark value.

   GrowableArray<oop>*     _objs_with_preserved_marks;

   GrowableArray<markOop>* _preserved_marks_of_objs;

   // Preserve the mark of "obj", if necessary, in preparation for its mark

   // word being overwritten with a self-forwarding-pointer.

   void preserve_mark_if_necessary(oop obj, markOop m);

   // The stack of evac-failure objects left to be scanned.

   GrowableArray<oop>*    _evac_failure_scan_stack;

   // The closure to apply to evac-failure objects.

   OopsInHeapRegionClosure* _evac_failure_closure;

   // Set the field above.

   void

   set_evac_failure_closure(OopsInHeapRegionClosure* evac_failure_closure) {

     _evac_failure_closure = evac_failure_closure;

   }

   // Push "obj" on the scan stack.

   void push_on_evac_failure_scan_stack(oop obj);

   // Process scan stack entries until the stack is empty.

   void drain_evac_failure_scan_stack();

   // True iff an invocation of "drain_scan_stack" is in progress; to

   // prevent unnecessary recursion.

   bool _drain_in_progress;

   // Do any necessary initialization for evacuation-failure handling.

   // "cl" is the closure that will be used to process evac-failure

   // objects.

   void init_for_evac_failure(OopsInHeapRegionClosure* cl);

   // Do any necessary cleanup for evacuation-failure handling data

   // structures.

   void finalize_for_evac_failure();

   // An attempt to evacuate "obj" has failed; take necessary steps.

   oop handle_evacuation_failure_par(OopsInHeapRegionClosure* cl, oop obj);

   void handle_evacuation_failure_common(oop obj, markOop m);

   // Ensure that the relevant gc_alloc regions are set.

   void get_gc_alloc_regions();

   // We're done with GC alloc regions. We are going to tear down the

   // gc alloc list and remove the gc alloc tag from all the regions on

   // that list. However, we will also retain the last (i.e., the one

   // that is half-full) GC alloc region, per GCAllocPurpose, for

   // possible reuse during the next collection, provided

   // _retain_gc_alloc_region[] indicates that it should be the

   // case. Said regions are kept in the _retained_gc_alloc_regions[]

   // array. If the parameter totally is set, we will not retain any

   // regions, irrespective of what _retain_gc_alloc_region[]

   // indicates.

   void release_gc_alloc_regions(bool totally);

 #ifndef PRODUCT

   // Useful for debugging.

   void print_gc_alloc_regions();

 #endif // !PRODUCT

   // Instance of the concurrent mark is_alive closure for embedding

   // into the reference processor as the is_alive_non_header. This

   // prevents unnecessary additions to the discovered lists during

   // concurrent discovery.

   G1CMIsAliveClosure _is_alive_closure;

   // ("Weak") Reference processing support

   ReferenceProcessor* _ref_processor;

   enum G1H_process_strong_roots_tasks {

     G1H_PS_mark_stack_oops_do,

     G1H_PS_refProcessor_oops_do,

     // Leave this one last.

     G1H_PS_NumElements

   };

   SubTasksDone* _process_strong_tasks;

   volatile bool _free_regions_coming;

 public:

   SubTasksDone* process_strong_tasks() { return _process_strong_tasks; }

   void set_refine_cte_cl_concurrency(bool concurrent);

   RefToScanQueue *task_queue(int i) const;

   // A set of cards where updates happened during the GC

   DirtyCardQueueSet& dirty_card_queue_set() { return _dirty_card_queue_set; }

   // A DirtyCardQueueSet that is used to hold cards that contain

   // references into the current collection set. This is used to

   // update the remembered sets of the regions in the collection

   // set in the event of an evacuation failure.

   DirtyCardQueueSet& into_cset_dirty_card_queue_set()

         { return _into_cset_dirty_card_queue_set; }

   // Create a G1CollectedHeap with the specified policy.

   // Must call the initialize method afterwards.

   // May not return if something goes wrong.

   G1CollectedHeap(G1CollectorPolicy* policy);

   // Initialize the G1CollectedHeap to have the initial and

   // maximum sizes, permanent generation, and remembered and barrier sets

   // specified by the policy object.

   jint initialize();

   virtual void ref_processing_init();

   void set_par_threads(int t) {

     SharedHeap::set_par_threads(t);

     _process_strong_tasks->set_n_threads(t);

   }

   virtual CollectedHeap::Name kind() const {

     return CollectedHeap::G1CollectedHeap;

   }

   // The current policy object for the collector.

   G1CollectorPolicy* g1_policy() const { return _g1_policy; }

   // Adaptive size policy.  No such thing for g1.

   virtual AdaptiveSizePolicy* size_policy() { return NULL; }

   // The rem set and barrier set.

   G1RemSet* g1_rem_set() const { return _g1_rem_set; }

   ModRefBarrierSet* mr_bs() const { return _mr_bs; }

   // The rem set iterator.

   HeapRegionRemSetIterator* rem_set_iterator(int i) {

     return _rem_set_iterator[i];

   }

   HeapRegionRemSetIterator* rem_set_iterator() {

     return _rem_set_iterator[0];

   }

   unsigned get_gc_time_stamp() {

     return _gc_time_stamp;

   }

   void reset_gc_time_stamp() {

     _gc_time_stamp = 0;

     OrderAccess::fence();

   }

   void increment_gc_time_stamp() {

     ++_gc_time_stamp;

     OrderAccess::fence();

   }

   void iterate_dirty_card_closure(CardTableEntryClosure* cl,

                                   DirtyCardQueue* into_cset_dcq,

                                   bool concurrent, int worker_i);

   // The shared block offset table array.

   G1BlockOffsetSharedArray* bot_shared() const { return _bot_shared; }

   // Reference Processing accessor

   ReferenceProcessor* ref_processor() { return _ref_processor; }

   virtual size_t capacity() const;

   virtual size_t used() const;

   // This should be called when we're not holding the heap lock. The

   // result might be a bit inaccurate.

   size_t used_unlocked() const;

   size_t recalculate_used() const;

 #ifndef PRODUCT

   size_t recalculate_used_regions() const;

 #endif // PRODUCT

   // These virtual functions do the actual allocation.

   // Some heaps may offer a contiguous region for shared non-blocking

   // allocation, via inlined code (by exporting the address of the top and

   // end fields defining the extent of the contiguous allocation region.)

   // But G1CollectedHeap doesn't yet support this.

   // Return an estimate of the maximum allocation that could be performed

   // without triggering any collection or expansion activity.  In a

   // generational collector, for example, this is probably the largest

   // allocation that could be supported (without expansion) in the youngest

   // generation.  It is "unsafe" because no locks are taken; the result

   // should be treated as an approximation, not a guarantee, for use in

   // heuristic resizing decisions.

   virtual size_t unsafe_max_alloc();

   virtual bool is_maximal_no_gc() const {

     return _g1_storage.uncommitted_size() == 0;

   }

   // The total number of regions in the heap.

   size_t n_regions() { return _hrs.length(); }

   // The max number of regions in the heap.

   size_t max_regions() { return _hrs.max_length(); }

   // The number of regions that are completely free.

   size_t free_regions() { return _free_list.length(); }

   // The number of regions that are not completely free.

   size_t used_regions() { return n_regions() - free_regions(); }

   // The number of regions available for "regular" expansion.

   size_t expansion_regions() { return _expansion_regions; }

   // Factory method for HeapRegion instances. It will return NULL if

   // the allocation fails.

   HeapRegion* new_heap_region(size_t hrs_index, HeapWord* bottom);

   void verify_not_dirty_region(HeapRegion* hr) PRODUCT_RETURN;

   void verify_dirty_region(HeapRegion* hr) PRODUCT_RETURN;

   void verify_dirty_young_list(HeapRegion* head) PRODUCT_RETURN;

   void verify_dirty_young_regions() PRODUCT_RETURN;

   // verify_region_sets() performs verification over the region

   // lists. It will be compiled in the product code to be used when

   // necessary (i.e., during heap verification).

   void verify_region_sets();

   // verify_region_sets_optional() is planted in the code for

   // list verification in non-product builds (and it can be enabled in

   // product builds by definning HEAP_REGION_SET_FORCE_VERIFY to be 1).

 #if HEAP_REGION_SET_FORCE_VERIFY

   void verify_region_sets_optional() {

     verify_region_sets();

   }

 #else // HEAP_REGION_SET_FORCE_VERIFY

   void verify_region_sets_optional() { }

 #endif // HEAP_REGION_SET_FORCE_VERIFY

 #ifdef ASSERT

   bool is_on_master_free_list(HeapRegion* hr) {

     return hr->containing_set() == &_free_list;

   }

   bool is_in_humongous_set(HeapRegion* hr) {

     return hr->containing_set() == &_humongous_set;

   }

 #endif // ASSERT

   // Wrapper for the region list operations that can be called from

   // methods outside this class.

   void secondary_free_list_add_as_tail(FreeRegionList* list) {

     _secondary_free_list.add_as_tail(list);

   }

   void append_secondary_free_list() {

     _free_list.add_as_head(&_secondary_free_list);

   }

   void append_secondary_free_list_if_not_empty_with_lock() {

     // If the secondary free list looks empty there's no reason to

     // take the lock and then try to append it.

     if (!_secondary_free_list.is_empty()) {

       MutexLockerEx x(SecondaryFreeList_lock, Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag);

       append_secondary_free_list();

     }

   }

   void set_free_regions_coming();

   void reset_free_regions_coming();

   bool free_regions_coming() { return _free_regions_coming; }

   void wait_while_free_regions_coming();

   // Perform a collection of the heap; intended for use in implementing

   // "System.gc".  This probably implies as full a collection as the

   // "CollectedHeap" supports.

   virtual void collect(GCCause::Cause cause);

   // The same as above but assume that the caller holds the Heap_lock.

   void collect_locked(GCCause::Cause cause);

   // This interface assumes that it's being called by the

   // vm thread. It collects the heap assuming that the

   // heap lock is already held and that we are executing in

   // the context of the vm thread.

   virtual void collect_as_vm_thread(GCCause::Cause cause);

   // True iff a evacuation has failed in the most-recent collection.

   bool evacuation_failed() { return _evacuation_failed; }

   // It will free a region if it has allocated objects in it that are

   // all dead. It calls either free_region() or

   // free_humongous_region() depending on the type of the region that

   // is passed to it.

   void free_region_if_empty(HeapRegion* hr,

                             size_t* pre_used,

                             FreeRegionList* free_list,

                             HumongousRegionSet* humongous_proxy_set,

                             HRRSCleanupTask* hrrs_cleanup_task,

                             bool par);

   // It appends the free list to the master free list and updates the

   // master humongous list according to the contents of the proxy

   // list. It also adjusts the total used bytes according to pre_used

   // (if par is true, it will do so by taking the ParGCRareEvent_lock).

   void update_sets_after_freeing_regions(size_t pre_used,

                                        FreeRegionList* free_list,

                                        HumongousRegionSet* humongous_proxy_set,

                                        bool par);

   // Returns "TRUE" iff "p" points into the allocated area of the heap.

   virtual bool is_in(const void* p) const;

   // Return "TRUE" iff the given object address is within the collection

   // set.

   inline bool obj_in_cs(oop obj);

   // Return "TRUE" iff the given object address is in the reserved

   // region of g1 (excluding the permanent generation).

   bool is_in_g1_reserved(const void* p) const {

     return _g1_reserved.contains(p);

   }

   // Returns a MemRegion that corresponds to the space that has been

   // reserved for the heap

   MemRegion g1_reserved() {

     return _g1_reserved;

   }

   // Returns a MemRegion that corresponds to the space that has been

   // committed in the heap

   MemRegion g1_committed() {

     return _g1_committed;

   }

   virtual bool is_in_closed_subset(const void* p) const;

   // Dirty card table entries covering a list of young regions.

   void dirtyCardsForYoungRegions(CardTableModRefBS* ct_bs, HeapRegion* list);

   // This resets the card table to all zeros.  It is used after

   // a collection pause which used the card table to claim cards.

   void cleanUpCardTable();

   // Iteration functions.

   // Iterate over all the ref-containing fields of all objects, calling

   // "cl.do_oop" on each.

   virtual void oop_iterate(OopClosure* cl) {

     oop_iterate(cl, true);

   }

   void oop_iterate(OopClosure* cl, bool do_perm);

   // Same as above, restricted to a memory region.

   virtual void oop_iterate(MemRegion mr, OopClosure* cl) {

     oop_iterate(mr, cl, true);

   }

   void oop_iterate(MemRegion mr, OopClosure* cl, bool do_perm);

   // Iterate over all objects, calling "cl.do_object" on each.

   virtual void object_iterate(ObjectClosure* cl) {

     object_iterate(cl, true);

   }

   virtual void safe_object_iterate(ObjectClosure* cl) {

     object_iterate(cl, true);

   }

   void object_iterate(ObjectClosure* cl, bool do_perm);

   // Iterate over all objects allocated since the last collection, calling

   // "cl.do_object" on each.  The heap must have been initialized properly

   // to support this function, or else this call will fail.

   virtual void object_iterate_since_last_GC(ObjectClosure* cl);

   // Iterate over all spaces in use in the heap, in ascending address order.

   virtual void space_iterate(SpaceClosure* cl);

   // Iterate over heap regions, in address order, terminating the

   // iteration early if the "doHeapRegion" method returns "true".

   void heap_region_iterate(HeapRegionClosure* blk) const;

   // Iterate over heap regions starting with r (or the first region if "r"

   // is NULL), in address order, terminating early if the "doHeapRegion"

   // method returns "true".

   void heap_region_iterate_from(HeapRegion* r, HeapRegionClosure* blk) const;

   // Return the region with the given index. It assumes the index is valid.

   HeapRegion* region_at(size_t index) const { return _hrs.at(index); }

   // Divide the heap region sequence into "chunks" of some size (the number

   // of regions divided by the number of parallel threads times some

   // overpartition factor, currently 4).  Assumes that this will be called

   // in parallel by ParallelGCThreads worker threads with discinct worker

   // ids in the range [0..max(ParallelGCThreads-1, 1)], that all parallel

   // calls will use the same "claim_value", and that that claim value is

   // different from the claim_value of any heap region before the start of

   // the iteration.  Applies "blk->doHeapRegion" to each of the regions, by

   // attempting to claim the first region in each chunk, and, if

   // successful, applying the closure to each region in the chunk (and

   // setting the claim value of the second and subsequent regions of the

   // chunk.)  For now requires that "doHeapRegion" always returns "false",

   // i.e., that a closure never attempt to abort a traversal.

   void heap_region_par_iterate_chunked(HeapRegionClosure* blk,

                                        int worker,

                                        jint claim_value);

   // It resets all the region claim values to the default.

   void reset_heap_region_claim_values();

 #ifdef ASSERT

   bool check_heap_region_claim_values(jint claim_value);

 #endif // ASSERT

   // Iterate over the regions (if any) in the current collection set.

   void collection_set_iterate(HeapRegionClosure* blk);

   // As above but starting from region r

   void collection_set_iterate_from(HeapRegion* r, HeapRegionClosure *blk);

   // Returns the first (lowest address) compactible space in the heap.

   virtual CompactibleSpace* first_compactible_space();

   // A CollectedHeap will contain some number of spaces.  This finds the

   // space containing a given address, or else returns NULL.

   virtual Space* space_containing(const void* addr) const;

   // A G1CollectedHeap will contain some number of heap regions.  This

   // finds the region containing a given address, or else returns NULL.

   template <class T>

   inline HeapRegion* heap_region_containing(const T addr) const;

   // Like the above, but requires "addr" to be in the heap (to avoid a

   // null-check), and unlike the above, may return an continuing humongous

   // region.

   template <class T>

   inline HeapRegion* heap_region_containing_raw(const T addr) const;

   // A CollectedHeap is divided into a dense sequence of "blocks"; that is,

   // each address in the (reserved) heap is a member of exactly

   // one block.  The defining characteristic of a block is that it is

   // possible to find its size, and thus to progress forward to the next

   // block.  (Blocks may be of different sizes.)  Thus, blocks may

   // represent Java objects, or they might be free blocks in a

   // free-list-based heap (or subheap), as long as the two kinds are

   // distinguishable and the size of each is determinable.

   // Returns the address of the start of the "block" that contains the

   // address "addr".  We say "blocks" instead of "object" since some heaps

   // may not pack objects densely; a chunk may either be an object or a

   // non-object.

   virtual HeapWord* block_start(const void* addr) const;

   // Requires "addr" to be the start of a chunk, and returns its size.

   // "addr + size" is required to be the start of a new chunk, or the end

   // of the active area of the heap.

   virtual size_t block_size(const HeapWord* addr) const;

   // Requires "addr" to be the start of a block, and returns "TRUE" iff

   // the block is an object.

   virtual bool block_is_obj(const HeapWord* addr) const;

   // Does this heap support heap inspection? (+PrintClassHistogram)

   virtual bool supports_heap_inspection() const { return true; }

   // Section on thread-local allocation buffers (TLABs)

   // See CollectedHeap for semantics.

   virtual bool supports_tlab_allocation() const;

   virtual size_t tlab_capacity(Thread* thr) const;

   virtual size_t unsafe_max_tlab_alloc(Thread* thr) const;

   // Can a compiler initialize a new object without store barriers?

   // This permission only extends from the creation of a new object

   // via a TLAB up to the first subsequent safepoint. If such permission

   // is granted for this heap type, the compiler promises to call

   // defer_store_barrier() below on any slow path allocation of

   // a new object for which such initializing store barriers will

   // have been elided. G1, like CMS, allows this, but should be

   // ready to provide a compensating write barrier as necessary

   // if that storage came out of a non-young region. The efficiency

   // of this implementation depends crucially on being able to

   // answer very efficiently in constant time whether a piece of

   // storage in the heap comes from a young region or not.

   // See ReduceInitialCardMarks.

   virtual bool can_elide_tlab_store_barriers() const {

     // 6920090: Temporarily disabled, because of lingering

     // instabilities related to RICM with G1. In the

     // interim, the option ReduceInitialCardMarksForG1

     // below is left solely as a debugging device at least

     // until 6920109 fixes the instabilities.

     return ReduceInitialCardMarksForG1;

   }

   virtual bool card_mark_must_follow_store() const {

     return true;

   }

   bool is_in_young(const oop obj) {

     HeapRegion* hr = heap_region_containing(obj);

     return hr != NULL && hr->is_young();

   }

 #ifdef ASSERT

   virtual bool is_in_partial_collection(const void* p);

 #endif

   virtual bool is_scavengable(const void* addr);

   // We don't need barriers for initializing stores to objects

   // in the young gen: for the SATB pre-barrier, there is no

   // pre-value that needs to be remembered; for the remembered-set

   // update logging post-barrier, we don't maintain remembered set

   // information for young gen objects. Note that non-generational

   // G1 does not have any "young" objects, should not elide

   // the rs logging barrier and so should always answer false below.

   // However, non-generational G1 (-XX:-G1Gen) appears to have

   // bit-rotted so was not tested below.

   virtual bool can_elide_initializing_store_barrier(oop new_obj) {

     // Re 6920090, 6920109 above.

     assert(ReduceInitialCardMarksForG1, "Else cannot be here");

     assert(G1Gen || !is_in_young(new_obj),

            "Non-generational G1 should never return true below");

     return is_in_young(new_obj);

   }

   // Can a compiler elide a store barrier when it writes

   // a permanent oop into the heap?  Applies when the compiler

   // is storing x to the heap, where x->is_perm() is true.

   virtual bool can_elide_permanent_oop_store_barriers() const {

     // At least until perm gen collection is also G1-ified, at

     // which point this should return false.

     return true;

   }

   // The boundary between a "large" and "small" array of primitives, in

   // words.

   virtual size_t large_typearray_limit();

   // Returns "true" iff the given word_size is "very large".

   static bool isHumongous(size_t word_size) {

     // Note this has to be strictly greater-than as the TLABs

     // are capped at the humongous thresold and we want to

     // ensure that we don't try to allocate a TLAB as

     // humongous and that we don't allocate a humongous

     // object in a TLAB.

     return word_size > _humongous_object_threshold_in_words;

   }

   // Update mod union table with the set of dirty cards.

   void updateModUnion();

   // Set the mod union bits corresponding to the given memRegion.  Note

   // that this is always a safe operation, since it doesn't clear any

   // bits.

   void markModUnionRange(MemRegion mr);

   // Records the fact that a marking phase is no longer in progress.

   void set_marking_complete() {

     _mark_in_progress = false;

   }

   void set_marking_started() {

     _mark_in_progress = true;

   }

   bool mark_in_progress() {

     return _mark_in_progress;

   }

   // Print the maximum heap capacity.

   virtual size_t max_capacity() const;

   virtual jlong millis_since_last_gc();

   // Perform any cleanup actions necessary before allowing a verification.

   virtual void prepare_for_verify();

   // Perform verification.

   // vo == UsePrevMarking  -> use "prev" marking information,

   // vo == UseNextMarking -> use "next" marking information

   // vo == UseMarkWord    -> use the mark word in the object header

   //

   // NOTE: Only the "prev" marking information is guaranteed to be

   // consistent most of the time, so most calls to this should use

   // vo == UsePrevMarking.

   // Currently, there is only one case where this is called with

   // vo == UseNextMarking, which is to verify the "next" marking

   // information at the end of remark.

   // Currently there is only one place where this is called with

   // vo == UseMarkWord, which is to verify the marking during a

   // full GC.

   void verify(bool allow_dirty, bool silent, VerifyOption vo);

   // Override; it uses the "prev" marking information

   virtual void verify(bool allow_dirty, bool silent);

   // Default behavior by calling print(tty);

   virtual void print() const;

   // This calls print_on(st, PrintHeapAtGCExtended).

   virtual void print_on(outputStream* st) const;

   // If extended is true, it will print out information for all

   // regions in the heap by calling print_on_extended(st).

   virtual void print_on(outputStream* st, bool extended) const;

   virtual void print_on_extended(outputStream* st) const;

   virtual void print_gc_threads_on(outputStream* st) const;

   virtual void gc_threads_do(ThreadClosure* tc) const;

   // Override

   void print_tracing_info() const;

   // Convenience function to be used in situations where the heap type can be

   // asserted to be this type.

   static G1CollectedHeap* heap();

   void empty_young_list();

   void set_region_short_lived_locked(HeapRegion* hr);

   // add appropriate methods for any other surv rate groups

   YoungList* young_list() { return _young_list; }

   // debugging

   bool check_young_list_well_formed() {

     return _young_list->check_list_well_formed();

   }

   bool check_young_list_empty(bool check_heap,

                               bool check_sample = true);

   // *** Stuff related to concurrent marking.  It's not clear to me that so

   // many of these need to be public.

   // The functions below are helper functions that a subclass of

   // "CollectedHeap" can use in the implementation of its virtual

   // functions.

   // This performs a concurrent marking of the live objects in a

   // bitmap off to the side.

   void doConcurrentMark();

   // Do a full concurrent marking, synchronously.

   void do_sync_mark();

   bool isMarkedPrev(oop obj) const;

   bool isMarkedNext(oop obj) const;

   // vo == UsePrevMarking -> use "prev" marking information,

   // vo == UseNextMarking -> use "next" marking information,

   // vo == UseMarkWord    -> use mark word from object header

   bool is_obj_dead_cond(const oop obj,

                         const HeapRegion* hr,

                         const VerifyOption vo) const {

     switch (vo) {

       case VerifyOption_G1UsePrevMarking:

         return is_obj_dead(obj, hr);

       case VerifyOption_G1UseNextMarking:

         return is_obj_ill(obj, hr);

       default:

         assert(vo == VerifyOption_G1UseMarkWord, "must be");

         return !obj->is_gc_marked();

     }

   }

   // Determine if an object is dead, given the object and also

   // the region to which the object belongs. An object is dead

   // iff a) it was not allocated since the last mark and b) it

   // is not marked.

   bool is_obj_dead(const oop obj, const HeapRegion* hr) const {

     return

       !hr->obj_allocated_since_prev_marking(obj) &&

       !isMarkedPrev(obj);

   }

   // This is used when copying an object to survivor space.

   // If the object is marked live, then we mark the copy live.

   // If the object is allocated since the start of this mark

   // cycle, then we mark the copy live.

   // If the object has been around since the previous mark

   // phase, and hasn't been marked yet during this phase,

   // then we don't mark it, we just wait for the

   // current marking cycle to get to it.

   // This function returns true when an object has been

   // around since the previous marking and hasn't yet

   // been marked during this marking.

   bool is_obj_ill(const oop obj, const HeapRegion* hr) const {

     return

       !hr->obj_allocated_since_next_marking(obj) &&

       !isMarkedNext(obj);

   }

   // Determine if an object is dead, given only the object itself.

   // This will find the region to which the object belongs and

   // then call the region version of the same function.

   // Added if it is in permanent gen it isn't dead.

   // Added if it is NULL it isn't dead.

   // vo == UsePrevMarking -> use "prev" marking information,

   // vo == UseNextMarking -> use "next" marking information,

   // vo == UseMarkWord    -> use mark word from object header

   bool is_obj_dead_cond(const oop obj,

                         const VerifyOption vo) const {

     switch (vo) {

       case VerifyOption_G1UsePrevMarking:

         return is_obj_dead(obj);

       case VerifyOption_G1UseNextMarking:

         return is_obj_ill(obj);

       default:

         assert(vo == VerifyOption_G1UseMarkWord, "must be");

         return !obj->is_gc_marked();

     }

   }

   bool is_obj_dead(const oop obj) const {

     const HeapRegion* hr = heap_region_containing(obj);

     if (hr == NULL) {

       if (Universe::heap()->is_in_permanent(obj))

         return false;

       else if (obj == NULL) return false;

       else return true;

     }

     else return is_obj_dead(obj, hr);

   }

   bool is_obj_ill(const oop obj) const {

     const HeapRegion* hr = heap_region_containing(obj);

     if (hr == NULL) {

       if (Universe::heap()->is_in_permanent(obj))

         return false;

       else if (obj == NULL) return false;

       else return true;

     }

     else return is_obj_ill(obj, hr);

   }

   // The following is just to alert the verification code

   // that a full collection has occurred and that the

   // remembered sets are no longer up to date.

   bool _full_collection;

   void set_full_collection() { _full_collection = true;}

   void clear_full_collection() {_full_collection = false;}

   bool full_collection() {return _full_collection;}

   ConcurrentMark* concurrent_mark() const { return _cm; }

   ConcurrentG1Refine* concurrent_g1_refine() const { return _cg1r; }

   // The dirty cards region list is used to record a subset of regions

   // whose cards need clearing. The list if populated during the

   // remembered set scanning and drained during the card table

   // cleanup. Although the methods are reentrant, population/draining

   // phases must not overlap. For synchronization purposes the last

   // element on the list points to itself.

   HeapRegion* _dirty_cards_region_list;

   void push_dirty_cards_region(HeapRegion* hr);

   HeapRegion* pop_dirty_cards_region();

 public:

   void stop_conc_gc_threads();

   // <NEW PREDICTION>

   double predict_region_elapsed_time_ms(HeapRegion* hr, bool young);

   void check_if_region_is_too_expensive(double predicted_time_ms);

   size_t pending_card_num();

   size_t max_pending_card_num();

   size_t cards_scanned();

   // </NEW PREDICTION>

 protected:

   size_t _max_heap_capacity;

 };

 #define use_local_bitmaps         1

 #define verify_local_bitmaps      0

 #define oop_buffer_length       256

 #ifndef PRODUCT

 class GCLabBitMap;

 class GCLabBitMapClosure: public BitMapClosure {

 private:

   ConcurrentMark* _cm;

   GCLabBitMap*    _bitmap;

 public:

   GCLabBitMapClosure(ConcurrentMark* cm,

                      GCLabBitMap* bitmap) {

     _cm     = cm;

     _bitmap = bitmap;

   }

   virtual bool do_bit(size_t offset);

 };

 #endif // !PRODUCT

 class GCLabBitMap: public BitMap {

 private:

   ConcurrentMark* _cm;

   int       _shifter;

   size_t    _bitmap_word_covers_words;

   // beginning of the heap

   HeapWord* _heap_start;

   // this is the actual start of the GCLab

   HeapWord* _real_start_word;

   // this is the actual end of the GCLab

   HeapWord* _real_end_word;

   // this is the first word, possibly located before the actual start

   // of the GCLab, that corresponds to the first bit of the bitmap

   HeapWord* _start_word;

   // size of a GCLab in words

   size_t _gclab_word_size;

   static int shifter() {

     return MinObjAlignment - 1;

   }

   // how many heap words does a single bitmap word corresponds to?

   static size_t bitmap_word_covers_words() {

     return BitsPerWord << shifter();

   }

   size_t gclab_word_size() const {

     return _gclab_word_size;

   }

   // Calculates actual GCLab size in words

   size_t gclab_real_word_size() const {

     return bitmap_size_in_bits(pointer_delta(_real_end_word, _start_word))

            / BitsPerWord;

   }

   static size_t bitmap_size_in_bits(size_t gclab_word_size) {

     size_t bits_in_bitmap = gclab_word_size >> shifter();

     // We are going to ensure that the beginning of a word in this

     // bitmap also corresponds to the beginning of a word in the

     // global marking bitmap. To handle the case where a GCLab

     // starts from the middle of the bitmap, we need to add enough

     // space (i.e. up to a bitmap word) to ensure that we have

     // enough bits in the bitmap.

     return bits_in_bitmap + BitsPerWord - 1;

   }

 public:

   GCLabBitMap(HeapWord* heap_start, size_t gclab_word_size)

     : BitMap(bitmap_size_in_bits(gclab_word_size)),

       _cm(G1CollectedHeap::heap()->concurrent_mark()),

       _shifter(shifter()),

       _bitmap_word_covers_words(bitmap_word_covers_words()),

       _heap_start(heap_start),

       _gclab_word_size(gclab_word_size),

       _real_start_word(NULL),

       _real_end_word(NULL),

       _start_word(NULL)

   {

     guarantee( size_in_words() >= bitmap_size_in_words(),

                "just making sure");

   }

   inline unsigned heapWordToOffset(HeapWord* addr) {

     unsigned offset = (unsigned) pointer_delta(addr, _start_word) >> _shifter;

     assert(offset < size(), "offset should be within bounds");

     return offset;

   }

   inline HeapWord* offsetToHeapWord(size_t offset) {

     HeapWord* addr =  _start_word + (offset << _shifter);

     assert(_real_start_word <= addr && addr < _real_end_word, "invariant");

     return addr;

   }

   bool fields_well_formed() {

     bool ret1 = (_real_start_word == NULL) &&

                 (_real_end_word == NULL) &&

                 (_start_word == NULL);

     if (ret1)

       return true;

     bool ret2 = _real_start_word >= _start_word &&

       _start_word < _real_end_word &&

       (_real_start_word + _gclab_word_size) == _real_end_word &&

       (_start_word + _gclab_word_size + _bitmap_word_covers_words)

                                                               > _real_end_word;

     return ret2;

   }

   inline bool mark(HeapWord* addr) {

     guarantee(use_local_bitmaps, "invariant");

     assert(fields_well_formed(), "invariant");

     if (addr >= _real_start_word && addr < _real_end_word) {

       assert(!isMarked(addr), "should not have already been marked");

       // first mark it on the bitmap

       at_put(heapWordToOffset(addr), true);

       return true;

     } else {

       return false;

     }

   }

   inline bool isMarked(HeapWord* addr) {

     guarantee(use_local_bitmaps, "invariant");

     assert(fields_well_formed(), "invariant");

     return at(heapWordToOffset(addr));

   }

   void set_buffer(HeapWord* start) {

     guarantee(use_local_bitmaps, "invariant");

     clear();

     assert(start != NULL, "invariant");

     _real_start_word = start;

     _real_end_word   = start + _gclab_word_size;

     size_t diff =

       pointer_delta(start, _heap_start) % _bitmap_word_covers_words;

     _start_word = start - diff;

     assert(fields_well_formed(), "invariant");

   }

 #ifndef PRODUCT

   void verify() {

     // verify that the marks have been propagated

     GCLabBitMapClosure cl(_cm, this);

     iterate(&cl);

   }

 #endif // PRODUCT

   void retire() {

     guarantee(use_local_bitmaps, "invariant");

     assert(fields_well_formed(), "invariant");

     if (_start_word != NULL) {

       CMBitMap*       mark_bitmap = _cm->nextMarkBitMap();

       // this means that the bitmap was set up for the GCLab

       assert(_real_start_word != NULL && _real_end_word != NULL, "invariant");

       mark_bitmap->mostly_disjoint_range_union(this,

                                 0, // always start from the start of the bitmap

                                 _start_word,

                                 gclab_real_word_size());

       _cm->grayRegionIfNecessary(MemRegion(_real_start_word, _real_end_word));

 #ifndef PRODUCT

       if (use_local_bitmaps && verify_local_bitmaps)

         verify();

 #endif // PRODUCT

     } else {

       assert(_real_start_word == NULL && _real_end_word == NULL, "invariant");

     }

   }

   size_t bitmap_size_in_words() const {

     return (bitmap_size_in_bits(gclab_word_size()) + BitsPerWord - 1) / BitsPerWord;

   }

 };

 class G1ParGCAllocBuffer: public ParGCAllocBuffer {

 private:

   bool        _retired;

   bool        _during_marking;

   GCLabBitMap _bitmap;

 public:

   G1ParGCAllocBuffer(size_t gclab_word_size) :

     ParGCAllocBuffer(gclab_word_size),

     _during_marking(G1CollectedHeap::heap()->mark_in_progress()),

     _bitmap(G1CollectedHeap::heap()->reserved_region().start(), gclab_word_size),

     _retired(false)

   { }

   inline bool mark(HeapWord* addr) {

     guarantee(use_local_bitmaps, "invariant");

     assert(_during_marking, "invariant");

     return _bitmap.mark(addr);

   }

   inline void set_buf(HeapWord* buf) {

     if (use_local_bitmaps && _during_marking)

       _bitmap.set_buffer(buf);

     ParGCAllocBuffer::set_buf(buf);

     _retired = false;

   }

   inline void retire(bool end_of_gc, bool retain) {

     if (_retired)

       return;

     if (use_local_bitmaps && _during_marking) {

       _bitmap.retire();

     }

     ParGCAllocBuffer::retire(end_of_gc, retain);

     _retired = true;

   }

 };

 class G1ParScanThreadState : public StackObj {

 protected:

   G1CollectedHeap* _g1h;

   RefToScanQueue*  _refs;

   DirtyCardQueue   _dcq;

   CardTableModRefBS* _ct_bs;

   G1RemSet* _g1_rem;

   G1ParGCAllocBuffer  _surviving_alloc_buffer;

   G1ParGCAllocBuffer  _tenured_alloc_buffer;

   G1ParGCAllocBuffer* _alloc_buffers[GCAllocPurposeCount];

   ageTable            _age_table;

   size_t           _alloc_buffer_waste;

   size_t           _undo_waste;

   OopsInHeapRegionClosure*      _evac_failure_cl;

   G1ParScanHeapEvacClosure*     _evac_cl;

   G1ParScanPartialArrayClosure* _partial_scan_cl;

   int _hash_seed;

   int _queue_num;

   size_t _term_attempts;

   double _start;

   double _start_strong_roots;

   double _strong_roots_time;

   double _start_term;

   double _term_time;

   // Map from young-age-index (0 == not young, 1 is youngest) to

   // surviving words. base is what we get back from the malloc call

   size_t* _surviving_young_words_base;

   // this points into the array, as we use the first few entries for padding

   size_t* _surviving_young_words;

 #define PADDING_ELEM_NUM (DEFAULT_CACHE_LINE_SIZE / sizeof(size_t))

   void   add_to_alloc_buffer_waste(size_t waste) { _alloc_buffer_waste += waste; }

   void   add_to_undo_waste(size_t waste)         { _undo_waste += waste; }

   DirtyCardQueue& dirty_card_queue()             { return _dcq;  }

   CardTableModRefBS* ctbs()                      { return _ct_bs; }

   template <class T> void immediate_rs_update(HeapRegion* from, T* p, int tid) {

     if (!from->is_survivor()) {

       _g1_rem->par_write_ref(from, p, tid);

     }

   }

   template <class T> void deferred_rs_update(HeapRegion* from, T* p, int tid) {

     // If the new value of the field points to the same region or

     // is the to-space, we don't need to include it in the Rset updates.

     if (!from->is_in_reserved(oopDesc::load_decode_heap_oop(p)) && !from->is_survivor()) {

       size_t card_index = ctbs()->index_for(p);

       // If the card hasn't been added to the buffer, do it.

       if (ctbs()->mark_card_deferred(card_index)) {

         dirty_card_queue().enqueue((jbyte*)ctbs()->byte_for_index(card_index));

       }

     }

   }

 public:

   G1ParScanThreadState(G1CollectedHeap* g1h, int queue_num);

   ~G1ParScanThreadState() {

     FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(size_t, _surviving_young_words_base);

   }

   RefToScanQueue*   refs()            { return _refs;             }

   ageTable*         age_table()       { return &_age_table;       }

   G1ParGCAllocBuffer* alloc_buffer(GCAllocPurpose purpose) {

     return _alloc_buffers[purpose];

   }

   size_t alloc_buffer_waste() const              { return _alloc_buffer_waste; }

   size_t undo_waste() const                      { return _undo_waste; }

 #ifdef ASSERT

   bool verify_ref(narrowOop* ref) const;

   bool verify_ref(oop* ref) const;

   bool verify_task(StarTask ref) const;

 #endif // ASSERT

   template <class T> void push_on_queue(T* ref) {

     assert(verify_ref(ref), "sanity");

     refs()->push(ref);

   }

   template <class T> void update_rs(HeapRegion* from, T* p, int tid) {

     if (G1DeferredRSUpdate) {

       deferred_rs_update(from, p, tid);

     } else {

       immediate_rs_update(from, p, tid);

     }

   }

   HeapWord* allocate_slow(GCAllocPurpose purpose, size_t word_sz) {

     HeapWord* obj = NULL;

     size_t gclab_word_size = _g1h->desired_plab_sz(purpose);

     if (word_sz * 100 < gclab_word_size * ParallelGCBufferWastePct) {

       G1ParGCAllocBuffer* alloc_buf = alloc_buffer(purpose);

       assert(gclab_word_size == alloc_buf->word_sz(),

              "dynamic resizing is not supported");

       add_to_alloc_buffer_waste(alloc_buf->words_remaining());

       alloc_buf->retire(false, false);

       HeapWord* buf = _g1h->par_allocate_during_gc(purpose, gclab_word_size);

       if (buf == NULL) return NULL; // Let caller handle allocation failure.

       // Otherwise.

       alloc_buf->set_buf(buf);

       obj = alloc_buf->allocate(word_sz);

       assert(obj != NULL, "buffer was definitely big enough...");

     } else {

       obj = _g1h->par_allocate_during_gc(purpose, word_sz);

     }

     return obj;

   }

   HeapWord* allocate(GCAllocPurpose purpose, size_t word_sz) {

     HeapWord* obj = alloc_buffer(purpose)->allocate(word_sz);

     if (obj != NULL) return obj;

     return allocate_slow(purpose, word_sz);

   }

   void undo_allocation(GCAllocPurpose purpose, HeapWord* obj, size_t word_sz) {

     if (alloc_buffer(purpose)->contains(obj)) {

       assert(alloc_buffer(purpose)->contains(obj + word_sz - 1),

              "should contain whole object");

       alloc_buffer(purpose)->undo_allocation(obj, word_sz);

     } else {

       CollectedHeap::fill_with_object(obj, word_sz);

       add_to_undo_waste(word_sz);

     }

   }

   void set_evac_failure_closure(OopsInHeapRegionClosure* evac_failure_cl) {

     _evac_failure_cl = evac_failure_cl;

   }

   OopsInHeapRegionClosure* evac_failure_closure() {

     return _evac_failure_cl;

   }

   void set_evac_closure(G1ParScanHeapEvacClosure* evac_cl) {

     _evac_cl = evac_cl;

   }

   void set_partial_scan_closure(G1ParScanPartialArrayClosure* partial_scan_cl) {

     _partial_scan_cl = partial_scan_cl;

   }

   int* hash_seed() { return &_hash_seed; }

   int  queue_num() { return _queue_num; }

   size_t term_attempts() const  { return _term_attempts; }

   void note_term_attempt() { _term_attempts++; }

   void start_strong_roots() {

     _start_strong_roots = os::elapsedTime();

   }

   void end_strong_roots() {

     _strong_roots_time += (os::elapsedTime() - _start_strong_roots);

   }

   double strong_roots_time() const { return _strong_roots_time; }

   void start_term_time() {

     note_term_attempt();

     _start_term = os::elapsedTime();

   }

   void end_term_time() {

     _term_time += (os::elapsedTime() - _start_term);

   }

   double term_time() const { return _term_time; }

   double elapsed_time() const {

     return os::elapsedTime() - _start;

   }

   static void

     print_termination_stats_hdr(outputStream* const st = gclog_or_tty);

   void

     print_termination_stats(int i, outputStream* const st = gclog_or_tty) const;

   size_t* surviving_young_words() {

     // We add on to hide entry 0 which accumulates surviving words for

     // age -1 regions (i.e. non-young ones)

     return _surviving_young_words;

   }

   void retire_alloc_buffers() {

     for (int ap = 0; ap < GCAllocPurposeCount; ++ap) {

       size_t waste = _alloc_buffers[ap]->words_remaining();

       add_to_alloc_buffer_waste(waste);

       _alloc_buffers[ap]->retire(true, false);

     }

   }

   template <class T> void deal_with_reference(T* ref_to_scan) {

     if (has_partial_array_mask(ref_to_scan)) {

       _partial_scan_cl->do_oop_nv(ref_to_scan);

     } else {

       // Note: we can use "raw" versions of "region_containing" because

       // "obj_to_scan" is definitely in the heap, and is not in a

       // humongous region.

       HeapRegion* r = _g1h->heap_region_containing_raw(ref_to_scan);

       _evac_cl->set_region(r);

       _evac_cl->do_oop_nv(ref_to_scan);

     }

   }

   void deal_with_reference(StarTask ref) {

     assert(verify_task(ref), "sanity");

     if (ref.is_narrow()) {

       deal_with_reference((narrowOop*)ref);

     } else {

       deal_with_reference((oop*)ref);

     }

   }

 public:

   void trim_queue();

 };

 #endif // SHARE_VM_GC_IMPLEMENTATION_G1_G1COLLECTEDHEAP_HPP