Mercurial > jdk8-mips64-public > hotspot / file revision

 /*

  * Copyright 1997-2008 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.

  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

  *

  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as

  * published by the Free Software Foundation.

  *

  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or

  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that

  * accompanied this code).

  *

  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version

  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,

  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

  *

  * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,

  * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or

  * have any questions.

  *

  */

 #include "incls/_precompiled.incl"

 #include "incls/_klassVtable.cpp.incl"

 inline instanceKlass* klassVtable::ik() const {

   Klass* k = _klass()->klass_part();

   assert(k->oop_is_instance(), "not an instanceKlass");

   return (instanceKlass*)k;

 }

 // this function computes the vtable size (including the size needed for miranda

 // methods) and the number of miranda methods in this class

 // Note on Miranda methods: Let's say there is a class C that implements

 // interface I.  Let's say there is a method m in I that neither C nor any

 // of its super classes implement (i.e there is no method of any access, with

 // the same name and signature as m), then m is a Miranda method which is

 // entered as a public abstract method in C's vtable.  From then on it should

 // treated as any other public method in C for method over-ride purposes.

 void klassVtable::compute_vtable_size_and_num_mirandas(int &vtable_length,

                                                        int &num_miranda_methods,

                                                        klassOop super,

                                                        objArrayOop methods,

                                                        AccessFlags class_flags,

                                                        Handle classloader,

                                                        symbolHandle classname,

                                                        objArrayOop local_interfaces,

                                                        TRAPS

                                                        ) {

   No_Safepoint_Verifier nsv;

   // set up default result values

   vtable_length = 0;

   num_miranda_methods = 0;

   // start off with super's vtable length

   instanceKlass* sk = (instanceKlass*)super->klass_part();

   vtable_length = super == NULL ? 0 : sk->vtable_length();

   // go thru each method in the methods table to see if it needs a new entry

   int len = methods->length();

   for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

     assert(methods->obj_at(i)->is_method(), "must be a methodOop");

     methodHandle mh(THREAD, methodOop(methods->obj_at(i)));

     if (needs_new_vtable_entry(mh, super, classloader, classname, class_flags, THREAD)) {

       vtable_length += vtableEntry::size(); // we need a new entry

     }

   }

   // compute the number of mirandas methods that must be added to the end

   num_miranda_methods = get_num_mirandas(super, methods, local_interfaces);

   vtable_length += (num_miranda_methods * vtableEntry::size());

   if (Universe::is_bootstrapping() && vtable_length == 0) {

     // array classes don't have their superclass set correctly during

     // bootstrapping

     vtable_length = Universe::base_vtable_size();

   }

   if (super == NULL && !Universe::is_bootstrapping() &&

       vtable_length != Universe::base_vtable_size()) {

     // Someone is attempting to redefine java.lang.Object incorrectly.  The

     // only way this should happen is from

     // SystemDictionary::resolve_from_stream(), which will detect this later

     // and throw a security exception.  So don't assert here to let

     // the exception occur.

     vtable_length = Universe::base_vtable_size();

   }

   assert(super != NULL || vtable_length == Universe::base_vtable_size(),

          "bad vtable size for class Object");

   assert(vtable_length % vtableEntry::size() == 0, "bad vtable length");

   assert(vtable_length >= Universe::base_vtable_size(), "vtable too small");

 }

 int klassVtable::index_of(methodOop m, int len) const {

   assert(m->vtable_index() >= 0, "do not ask this of non-vtable methods");

   return m->vtable_index();

 }

 int klassVtable::initialize_from_super(KlassHandle super) {

   if (super.is_null()) {

     return 0;

   } else {

     // copy methods from superKlass

     // can't inherit from array class, so must be instanceKlass

     assert(super->oop_is_instance(), "must be instance klass");

     instanceKlass* sk = (instanceKlass*)super()->klass_part();

     klassVtable* superVtable = sk->vtable();

     assert(superVtable->length() <= _length, "vtable too short");

 #ifdef ASSERT

     superVtable->verify(tty, true);

 #endif

     superVtable->copy_vtable_to(table());

 #ifndef PRODUCT

     if (PrintVtables && Verbose) {

       ResourceMark rm;

       tty->print_cr("copy vtable from %s to %s size %d", sk->internal_name(), klass()->internal_name(), _length);

     }

 #endif

     return superVtable->length();

   }

 }

 // Revised lookup semantics   introduced 1.3 (Kestral beta)

 void klassVtable::initialize_vtable(bool checkconstraints, TRAPS) {

   // Note:  Arrays can have intermediate array supers.  Use java_super to skip them.

   KlassHandle super (THREAD, klass()->java_super());

   int nofNewEntries = 0;

   if (PrintVtables && !klass()->oop_is_array()) {

     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);

     tty->print_cr("Initializing: %s", _klass->name()->as_C_string());

   }

 #ifdef ASSERT

   oop* end_of_obj = (oop*)_klass() + _klass()->size();

   oop* end_of_vtable = (oop*)&table()[_length];

   assert(end_of_vtable <= end_of_obj, "vtable extends beyond end");

 #endif

   if (Universe::is_bootstrapping()) {

     // just clear everything

     for (int i = 0; i < _length; i++) table()[i].clear();

     return;

   }

   int super_vtable_len = initialize_from_super(super);

   if (klass()->oop_is_array()) {

     assert(super_vtable_len == _length, "arrays shouldn't introduce new methods");

   } else {

     assert(_klass->oop_is_instance(), "must be instanceKlass");

     objArrayHandle methods(THREAD, ik()->methods());

     int len = methods()->length();

     int initialized = super_vtable_len;

     // update_inherited_vtable can stop for gc - ensure using handles

     for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

       HandleMark hm(THREAD);

       assert(methods()->obj_at(i)->is_method(), "must be a methodOop");

       methodHandle mh(THREAD, (methodOop)methods()->obj_at(i));

       bool needs_new_entry = update_inherited_vtable(ik(), mh, super_vtable_len, checkconstraints, CHECK);

       if (needs_new_entry) {

         put_method_at(mh(), initialized);

         mh()->set_vtable_index(initialized); // set primary vtable index

         initialized++;

       }

     }

     // add miranda methods; it will also update the value of initialized

     fill_in_mirandas(initialized);

     // In class hierarchies where the accessibility is not increasing (i.e., going from private ->

     // package_private -> publicprotected), the vtable might actually be smaller than our initial

     // calculation.

     assert(initialized <= _length, "vtable initialization failed");

     for(;initialized < _length; initialized++) {

       put_method_at(NULL, initialized);

     }

     NOT_PRODUCT(verify(tty, true));

   }

 }

 // Called for cases where a method does not override its superclass' vtable entry

 // For bytecodes not produced by javac together it is possible that a method does not override

 // the superclass's method, but might indirectly override a super-super class's vtable entry

 // If none found, return a null superk, else return the superk of the method this does override

 instanceKlass* klassVtable::find_transitive_override(instanceKlass* initialsuper, methodHandle target_method,

                             int vtable_index, Handle target_loader, symbolHandle target_classname, Thread * THREAD) {

   instanceKlass* superk = initialsuper;

   while (superk != NULL && superk->super() != NULL) {

     instanceKlass* supersuperklass = instanceKlass::cast(superk->super());

     klassVtable* ssVtable = supersuperklass->vtable();

     if (vtable_index < ssVtable->length()) {

       methodOop super_method = ssVtable->method_at(vtable_index);

 #ifndef PRODUCT

       symbolHandle name(THREAD,target_method()->name());

       symbolHandle signature(THREAD,target_method()->signature());

       assert(super_method->name() == name() && super_method->signature() == signature(), "vtable entry name/sig mismatch");

 #endif

       if (supersuperklass->is_override(super_method, target_loader, target_classname, THREAD)) {

 #ifndef PRODUCT

         if (PrintVtables && Verbose) {

           ResourceMark rm(THREAD);

           tty->print("transitive overriding superclass %s with %s::%s index %d, original flags: ",

            supersuperklass->internal_name(),

            _klass->internal_name(), (target_method() != NULL) ?

            target_method()->name()->as_C_string() : "<NULL>", vtable_index);

            super_method->access_flags().print_on(tty);

            tty->print("overriders flags: ");

            target_method->access_flags().print_on(tty);

            tty->cr();

         }

 #endif /*PRODUCT*/

         break; // return found superk

       }

     } else  {

       // super class has no vtable entry here, stop transitive search

       superk = (instanceKlass*)NULL;

       break;

     }

     // if no override found yet, continue to search up

     superk = instanceKlass::cast(superk->super());

   }

   return superk;

 }

 // Update child's copy of super vtable for overrides

 // OR return true if a new vtable entry is required

 // Only called for instanceKlass's, i.e. not for arrays

 // If that changed, could not use _klass as handle for klass

 bool klassVtable::update_inherited_vtable(instanceKlass* klass, methodHandle target_method, int super_vtable_len,

                   bool checkconstraints, TRAPS) {

   ResourceMark rm;

   bool allocate_new = true;

   assert(klass->oop_is_instance(), "must be instanceKlass");

   // Initialize the method's vtable index to "nonvirtual".

   // If we allocate a vtable entry, we will update it to a non-negative number.

   target_method()->set_vtable_index(methodOopDesc::nonvirtual_vtable_index);

   // Static and <init> methods are never in

   if (target_method()->is_static() || target_method()->name() ==  vmSymbols::object_initializer_name()) {

     return false;

   }

   if (klass->is_final() || target_method()->is_final()) {

     // a final method never needs a new entry; final methods can be statically

     // resolved and they have to be present in the vtable only if they override

     // a super's method, in which case they re-use its entry

     allocate_new = false;

   }

   // we need a new entry if there is no superclass

   if (klass->super() == NULL) {

     return allocate_new;

   }

   // private methods always have a new entry in the vtable

   // specification interpretation since classic has

   // private methods not overriding

   if (target_method()->is_private()) {

     return allocate_new;

   }

   // search through the vtable and update overridden entries

   // Since check_signature_loaders acquires SystemDictionary_lock

   // which can block for gc, once we are in this loop, use handles

   // For classfiles built with >= jdk7, we now look for transitive overrides

   symbolHandle name(THREAD,target_method()->name());

   symbolHandle signature(THREAD,target_method()->signature());

   Handle target_loader(THREAD, _klass->class_loader());

   symbolHandle target_classname(THREAD, _klass->name());

   for(int i = 0; i < super_vtable_len; i++) {

     methodOop super_method = method_at(i);

     // Check if method name matches

     if (super_method->name() == name() && super_method->signature() == signature()) {

       // get super_klass for method_holder for the found method

       instanceKlass* super_klass =  instanceKlass::cast(super_method->method_holder());

       if ((super_klass->is_override(super_method, target_loader, target_classname, THREAD)) ||

       ((klass->major_version() >= VTABLE_TRANSITIVE_OVERRIDE_VERSION)

         && ((super_klass = find_transitive_override(super_klass, target_method, i, target_loader,

              target_classname, THREAD)) != (instanceKlass*)NULL))) {

         // overriding, so no new entry

         allocate_new = false;

         if (checkconstraints) {

         // Override vtable entry if passes loader constraint check

         // if loader constraint checking requested

         // No need to visit his super, since he and his super

         // have already made any needed loader constraints.

         // Since loader constraints are transitive, it is enough

         // to link to the first super, and we get all the others.

           Handle super_loader(THREAD, super_klass->class_loader());

           if (target_loader() != super_loader()) {

             ResourceMark rm(THREAD);

             char* failed_type_name =

               SystemDictionary::check_signature_loaders(signature, target_loader,

                                                         super_loader, true,

                                                         CHECK_(false));

             if (failed_type_name != NULL) {

               const char* msg = "loader constraint violation: when resolving "

                 "overridden method \"%s\" the class loader (instance"

                 " of %s) of the current class, %s, and its superclass loader "

                 "(instance of %s), have different Class objects for the type "

                 "%s used in the signature";

               char* sig = target_method()->name_and_sig_as_C_string();

               const char* loader1 = SystemDictionary::loader_name(target_loader());

               char* current = _klass->name()->as_C_string();

               const char* loader2 = SystemDictionary::loader_name(super_loader());

               size_t buflen = strlen(msg) + strlen(sig) + strlen(loader1) +

                 strlen(current) + strlen(loader2) + strlen(failed_type_name);

               char* buf = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY_IN_THREAD(THREAD, char, buflen);

               jio_snprintf(buf, buflen, msg, sig, loader1, current, loader2,

                            failed_type_name);

               THROW_MSG_(vmSymbols::java_lang_LinkageError(), buf, false);

             }

           }

        }

         put_method_at(target_method(), i);

         target_method()->set_vtable_index(i);

 #ifndef PRODUCT

         if (PrintVtables && Verbose) {

           tty->print("overriding with %s::%s index %d, original flags: ",

            _klass->internal_name(), (target_method() != NULL) ?

            target_method()->name()->as_C_string() : "<NULL>", i);

            super_method->access_flags().print_on(tty);

            tty->print("overriders flags: ");

            target_method->access_flags().print_on(tty);

            tty->cr();

         }

 #endif /*PRODUCT*/

       } else {

         // allocate_new = true; default. We might override one entry,

         // but not override another. Once we override one, not need new

 #ifndef PRODUCT

         if (PrintVtables && Verbose) {

           tty->print("NOT overriding with %s::%s index %d, original flags: ",

            _klass->internal_name(), (target_method() != NULL) ?

            target_method()->name()->as_C_string() : "<NULL>", i);

            super_method->access_flags().print_on(tty);

            tty->print("overriders flags: ");

            target_method->access_flags().print_on(tty);

            tty->cr();

         }

 #endif /*PRODUCT*/

       }

     }

   }

   return allocate_new;

 }

 void klassVtable::put_method_at(methodOop m, int index) {

   assert(m->is_oop_or_null(), "Not an oop or null");

 #ifndef PRODUCT

   if (PrintVtables && Verbose) {

     ResourceMark rm;

     tty->print_cr("adding %s::%s at index %d", _klass->internal_name(),

       (m != NULL) ? m->name()->as_C_string() : "<NULL>", index);

   }

   assert(unchecked_method_at(index)->is_oop_or_null(), "Not an oop or null");

 #endif

   table()[index].set(m);

 }

 // Find out if a method "m" with superclass "super", loader "classloader" and

 // name "classname" needs a new vtable entry.  Let P be a class package defined

 // by "classloader" and "classname".

 // NOTE: The logic used here is very similar to the one used for computing

 // the vtables indices for a method. We cannot directly use that function because,

 // we allocate the instanceKlass at load time, and that requires that the

 // superclass has been loaded.

 // However, the vtable entries are filled in at link time, and therefore

 // the superclass' vtable may not yet have been filled in.

 bool klassVtable::needs_new_vtable_entry(methodHandle target_method,

                                          klassOop super,

                                          Handle classloader,

                                          symbolHandle classname,

                                          AccessFlags class_flags,

                                          TRAPS) {

   if ((class_flags.is_final() || target_method()->is_final()) ||

       // a final method never needs a new entry; final methods can be statically

       // resolved and they have to be present in the vtable only if they override

       // a super's method, in which case they re-use its entry

       (target_method()->is_static()) ||

       // static methods don't need to be in vtable

       (target_method()->name() ==  vmSymbols::object_initializer_name())

       // <init> is never called dynamically-bound

       ) {

     return false;

   }

   // we need a new entry if there is no superclass

   if (super == NULL) {

     return true;

   }

   // private methods always have a new entry in the vtable

   // specification interpretation since classic has

   // private methods not overriding

   if (target_method()->is_private()) {

     return true;

   }

   // search through the super class hierarchy to see if we need

   // a new entry

   ResourceMark rm;

   symbolOop name = target_method()->name();

   symbolOop signature = target_method()->signature();

   klassOop k = super;

   methodOop super_method = NULL;

   instanceKlass *holder = NULL;

   methodOop recheck_method =  NULL;

   while (k != NULL) {

     // lookup through the hierarchy for a method with matching name and sign.

     super_method = instanceKlass::cast(k)->lookup_method(name, signature);

     if (super_method == NULL) {

       break; // we still have to search for a matching miranda method

     }

     // get the class holding the matching method

     // make sure you use that class for is_override

     instanceKlass* superk = instanceKlass::cast(super_method->method_holder());

     // we want only instance method matches

     // pretend private methods are not in the super vtable

     // since we do override around them: e.g. a.m pub/b.m private/c.m pub,

     // ignore private, c.m pub does override a.m pub

     // For classes that were not javac'd together, we also do transitive overriding around

     // methods that have less accessibility

     if ((!super_method->is_static()) &&

        (!super_method->is_private())) {

       if (superk->is_override(super_method, classloader, classname, THREAD)) {

         return false;

       // else keep looking for transitive overrides

       }

     }

     // Start with lookup result and continue to search up

     k = superk->super(); // haven't found an override match yet; continue to look

   }

   // if the target method is public or protected it may have a matching

   // miranda method in the super, whose entry it should re-use.

   // Actually, to handle cases that javac would not generate, we need

   // this check for all access permissions.

   instanceKlass *sk = instanceKlass::cast(super);

   if (sk->has_miranda_methods()) {

     if (sk->lookup_method_in_all_interfaces(name, signature) != NULL) {

       return false;  // found a matching miranda; we do not need a new entry

     }

   }

   return true; // found no match; we need a new entry

 }

 // Support for miranda methods

 // get the vtable index of a miranda method with matching "name" and "signature"

 int klassVtable::index_of_miranda(symbolOop name, symbolOop signature) {

   // search from the bottom, might be faster

   for (int i = (length() - 1); i >= 0; i--) {

     methodOop m = table()[i].method();

     if (is_miranda_entry_at(i) &&

         m->name() == name && m->signature() == signature) {

       return i;

     }

   }

   return methodOopDesc::invalid_vtable_index;

 }

 // check if an entry is miranda

 bool klassVtable::is_miranda_entry_at(int i) {

   methodOop m = method_at(i);

   klassOop method_holder = m->method_holder();

   instanceKlass *mhk = instanceKlass::cast(method_holder);

   // miranda methods are interface methods in a class's vtable

   if (mhk->is_interface()) {

     assert(m->is_public() && m->is_abstract(), "should be public and abstract");

     assert(ik()->implements_interface(method_holder) , "this class should implement the interface");

     assert(is_miranda(m, ik()->methods(), ik()->super()), "should be a miranda_method");

     return true;

   }

   return false;

 }

 // check if a method is a miranda method, given a class's methods table and it's super

 // the caller must make sure that the method belongs to an interface implemented by the class

 bool klassVtable::is_miranda(methodOop m, objArrayOop class_methods, klassOop super) {

   symbolOop name = m->name();

   symbolOop signature = m->signature();

   if (instanceKlass::find_method(class_methods, name, signature) == NULL) {

      // did not find it in the method table of the current class

     if (super == NULL) {

       // super doesn't exist

       return true;

     } else {

       if (instanceKlass::cast(super)->lookup_method(name, signature) == NULL) {

         // super class hierarchy does not implement it

         return true;

       }

     }

   }

   return false;

 }

 void klassVtable::add_new_mirandas_to_list(GrowableArray<methodOop>* list_of_current_mirandas,

                                            objArrayOop current_interface_methods,

                                            objArrayOop class_methods,

                                            klassOop super) {

   // iterate thru the current interface's method to see if it a miranda

   int num_methods = current_interface_methods->length();

   for (int i = 0; i < num_methods; i++) {

     methodOop im = methodOop(current_interface_methods->obj_at(i));

     bool is_duplicate = false;

     int num_of_current_mirandas = list_of_current_mirandas->length();

     // check for duplicate mirandas in different interfaces we implement

     for (int j = 0; j < num_of_current_mirandas; j++) {

       methodOop miranda = list_of_current_mirandas->at(j);

       if ((im->name() == miranda->name()) &&

           (im->signature() == miranda->signature())) {

         is_duplicate = true;

         break;

       }

     }

     if (!is_duplicate) { // we don't want duplicate miranda entries in the vtable

       if (is_miranda(im, class_methods, super)) { // is it a miranda at all?

         instanceKlass *sk = instanceKlass::cast(super);

         // check if it is a duplicate of a super's miranda

         if (sk->lookup_method_in_all_interfaces(im->name(), im->signature()) == NULL) {

           list_of_current_mirandas->append(im);

         }

       }

     }

   }

 }

 void klassVtable::get_mirandas(GrowableArray<methodOop>* mirandas,

                                klassOop super, objArrayOop class_methods,

                                objArrayOop local_interfaces) {

   assert((mirandas->length() == 0) , "current mirandas must be 0");

   // iterate thru the local interfaces looking for a miranda

   int num_local_ifs = local_interfaces->length();

   for (int i = 0; i < num_local_ifs; i++) {

     instanceKlass *ik = instanceKlass::cast(klassOop(local_interfaces->obj_at(i)));

     add_new_mirandas_to_list(mirandas, ik->methods(), class_methods, super);

     // iterate thru each local's super interfaces

     objArrayOop super_ifs = ik->transitive_interfaces();

     int num_super_ifs = super_ifs->length();

     for (int j = 0; j < num_super_ifs; j++) {

       instanceKlass *sik = instanceKlass::cast(klassOop(super_ifs->obj_at(j)));

       add_new_mirandas_to_list(mirandas, sik->methods(), class_methods, super);

     }

   }

 }

 // get number of mirandas

 int klassVtable::get_num_mirandas(klassOop super, objArrayOop class_methods, objArrayOop local_interfaces) {

   ResourceMark rm;

   GrowableArray<methodOop>* mirandas = new GrowableArray<methodOop>(20);

   get_mirandas(mirandas, super, class_methods, local_interfaces);

   return mirandas->length();

 }

 // fill in mirandas

 void klassVtable::fill_in_mirandas(int& initialized) {

   ResourceMark rm;

   GrowableArray<methodOop>* mirandas = new GrowableArray<methodOop>(20);

   instanceKlass *this_ik = ik();

   get_mirandas(mirandas, this_ik->super(), this_ik->methods(), this_ik->local_interfaces());

   int num_mirandas = mirandas->length();

   for (int i = 0; i < num_mirandas; i++) {

     put_method_at(mirandas->at(i), initialized);

     initialized++;

   }

 }

 void klassVtable::copy_vtable_to(vtableEntry* start) {

   Copy::disjoint_words((HeapWord*)table(), (HeapWord*)start, _length * vtableEntry::size());

 }

 void klassVtable::adjust_method_entries(methodOop* old_methods, methodOop* new_methods,

                                         int methods_length, bool * trace_name_printed) {

   // search the vtable for uses of either obsolete or EMCP methods

   for (int j = 0; j < methods_length; j++) {

     methodOop old_method = old_methods[j];

     methodOop new_method = new_methods[j];

     // In the vast majority of cases we could get the vtable index

     // by using:  old_method->vtable_index()

     // However, there are rare cases, eg. sun.awt.X11.XDecoratedPeer.getX()

     // in sun.awt.X11.XFramePeer where methods occur more than once in the

     // vtable, so, alas, we must do an exhaustive search.

     for (int index = 0; index < length(); index++) {

       if (unchecked_method_at(index) == old_method) {

         put_method_at(new_method, index);

         if (RC_TRACE_IN_RANGE(0x00100000, 0x00400000)) {

           if (!(*trace_name_printed)) {

             // RC_TRACE_MESG macro has an embedded ResourceMark

             RC_TRACE_MESG(("adjust: name=%s",

                            Klass::cast(old_method->method_holder())->external_name()));

             *trace_name_printed = true;

           }

           // RC_TRACE macro has an embedded ResourceMark

           RC_TRACE(0x00100000, ("vtable method update: %s(%s)",

                                 new_method->name()->as_C_string(),

                                 new_method->signature()->as_C_string()));

         }

       }

     }

   }

 }

 // Garbage collection

 void klassVtable::oop_follow_contents() {

   int len = length();

   for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

     MarkSweep::mark_and_push(adr_method_at(i));

   }

 }

 #ifndef SERIALGC

 void klassVtable::oop_follow_contents(ParCompactionManager* cm) {

   int len = length();

   for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

     PSParallelCompact::mark_and_push(cm, adr_method_at(i));

   }

 }

 #endif // SERIALGC

 void klassVtable::oop_adjust_pointers() {

   int len = length();

   for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

     MarkSweep::adjust_pointer(adr_method_at(i));

   }

 }

 #ifndef SERIALGC

 void klassVtable::oop_update_pointers(ParCompactionManager* cm) {

   const int n = length();

   for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

     PSParallelCompact::adjust_pointer(adr_method_at(i));

   }

 }

 void klassVtable::oop_update_pointers(ParCompactionManager* cm,

                                       HeapWord* beg_addr, HeapWord* end_addr) {

   const int n = length();

   const int entry_size = vtableEntry::size();

   int beg_idx = 0;

   HeapWord* const method_0 = (HeapWord*)adr_method_at(0);

   if (beg_addr > method_0) {

     // it's safe to use cast, as we have guarantees on vtable size to be sane

     beg_idx = int((pointer_delta(beg_addr, method_0) + entry_size - 1) / entry_size);

   }

   oop* const beg_oop = adr_method_at(beg_idx);

   oop* const end_oop = MIN2((oop*)end_addr, adr_method_at(n));

   for (oop* cur_oop = beg_oop; cur_oop < end_oop; cur_oop += entry_size) {

     PSParallelCompact::adjust_pointer(cur_oop);

   }

 }

 #endif // SERIALGC

 // Iterators

 void klassVtable::oop_oop_iterate(OopClosure* blk) {

   int len = length();

   for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {

     blk->do_oop(adr_method_at(i));

   }

 }

 void klassVtable::oop_oop_iterate_m(OopClosure* blk, MemRegion mr) {

   int len = length();

   int i;

   for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {

     if ((HeapWord*)adr_method_at(i) >= mr.start()) break;

   }

   for (; i < len; i++) {

     oop* adr = adr_method_at(i);

     if ((HeapWord*)adr < mr.end()) blk->do_oop(adr);

   }

 }

 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 // Itable code

 // Initialize a itableMethodEntry

 void itableMethodEntry::initialize(methodOop m) {

   if (m == NULL) return;

   _method = m;

 }

 klassItable::klassItable(instanceKlassHandle klass) {

   _klass = klass;

   if (klass->itable_length() > 0) {

     itableOffsetEntry* offset_entry = (itableOffsetEntry*)klass->start_of_itable();

     if (offset_entry  != NULL && offset_entry->interface_klass() != NULL) { // Check that itable is initialized

       // First offset entry points to the first method_entry

       intptr_t* method_entry  = (intptr_t *)(((address)klass->as_klassOop()) + offset_entry->offset());

       intptr_t* end         = klass->end_of_itable();

       _table_offset      = (intptr_t*)offset_entry - (intptr_t*)klass->as_klassOop();

       _size_offset_table = (method_entry - ((intptr_t*)offset_entry)) / itableOffsetEntry::size();

       _size_method_table = (end - method_entry)                  / itableMethodEntry::size();

       assert(_table_offset >= 0 && _size_offset_table >= 0 && _size_method_table >= 0, "wrong computation");

       return;

     }

   }

   // The length of the itable was either zero, or it has not yet been initialized.

   _table_offset      = 0;

   _size_offset_table = 0;

   _size_method_table = 0;

 }

 // Garbage Collection

 void klassItable::oop_follow_contents() {

   // offset table

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(0);

   for(int i = 0; i < _size_offset_table; i++) {

     MarkSweep::mark_and_push((oop*)&ioe->_interface);

     ioe++;

   }

   // method table

   itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

   for(int j = 0; j < _size_method_table; j++) {

     MarkSweep::mark_and_push((oop*)&ime->_method);

     ime++;

   }

 }

 #ifndef SERIALGC

 void klassItable::oop_follow_contents(ParCompactionManager* cm) {

   // offset table

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(0);

   for(int i = 0; i < _size_offset_table; i++) {

     PSParallelCompact::mark_and_push(cm, (oop*)&ioe->_interface);

     ioe++;

   }

   // method table

   itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

   for(int j = 0; j < _size_method_table; j++) {

     PSParallelCompact::mark_and_push(cm, (oop*)&ime->_method);

     ime++;

   }

 }

 #endif // SERIALGC

 void klassItable::oop_adjust_pointers() {

   // offset table

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(0);

   for(int i = 0; i < _size_offset_table; i++) {

     MarkSweep::adjust_pointer((oop*)&ioe->_interface);

     ioe++;

   }

   // method table

   itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

   for(int j = 0; j < _size_method_table; j++) {

     MarkSweep::adjust_pointer((oop*)&ime->_method);

     ime++;

   }

 }

 #ifndef SERIALGC

 void klassItable::oop_update_pointers(ParCompactionManager* cm) {

   // offset table

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(0);

   for(int i = 0; i < _size_offset_table; i++) {

     PSParallelCompact::adjust_pointer((oop*)&ioe->_interface);

     ioe++;

   }

   // method table

   itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

   for(int j = 0; j < _size_method_table; j++) {

     PSParallelCompact::adjust_pointer((oop*)&ime->_method);

     ime++;

   }

 }

 void klassItable::oop_update_pointers(ParCompactionManager* cm,

                                       HeapWord* beg_addr, HeapWord* end_addr) {

   // offset table

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(0);

   for(int i = 0; i < _size_offset_table; i++) {

     oop* p = (oop*)&ioe->_interface;

     PSParallelCompact::adjust_pointer(p, beg_addr, end_addr);

     ioe++;

   }

   // method table

   itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

   for(int j = 0; j < _size_method_table; j++) {

     oop* p = (oop*)&ime->_method;

     PSParallelCompact::adjust_pointer(p, beg_addr, end_addr);

     ime++;

   }

 }

 #endif // SERIALGC

 // Iterators

 void klassItable::oop_oop_iterate(OopClosure* blk) {

   // offset table

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(0);

   for(int i = 0; i < _size_offset_table; i++) {

     blk->do_oop((oop*)&ioe->_interface);

     ioe++;

   }

   // method table

   itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

   for(int j = 0; j < _size_method_table; j++) {

     blk->do_oop((oop*)&ime->_method);

     ime++;

   }

 }

 void klassItable::oop_oop_iterate_m(OopClosure* blk, MemRegion mr) {

   // offset table

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(0);

   for(int i = 0; i < _size_offset_table; i++) {

     oop* adr = (oop*)&ioe->_interface;

     if (mr.contains(adr)) blk->do_oop(adr);

     ioe++;

   }

   // method table

   itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

   for(int j = 0; j < _size_method_table; j++) {

     oop* adr = (oop*)&ime->_method;

     if (mr.contains(adr)) blk->do_oop(adr);

     ime++;

   }

 }

 static int initialize_count = 0;

 // Initialization

 void klassItable::initialize_itable(bool checkconstraints, TRAPS) {

   // Cannot be setup doing bootstrapping, interfaces don't have

   // itables, and klass with only ones entry have empty itables

   if (Universe::is_bootstrapping() ||

       _klass->is_interface() ||

       _klass->itable_length() == itableOffsetEntry::size()) return;

   // There's alway an extra itable entry so we can null-terminate it.

   guarantee(size_offset_table() >= 1, "too small");

   int num_interfaces = size_offset_table() - 1;

   if (num_interfaces > 0) {

     if (TraceItables) tty->print_cr("%3d: Initializing itables for %s", ++initialize_count,

                                     _klass->name()->as_C_string());

     // Iterate through all interfaces

     int i;

     for(i = 0; i < num_interfaces; i++) {

       itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(i);

       KlassHandle interf_h (THREAD, ioe->interface_klass());

       assert(interf_h() != NULL && ioe->offset() != 0, "bad offset entry in itable");

       initialize_itable_for_interface(ioe->offset(), interf_h, checkconstraints, CHECK);

     }

   }

   // Check that the last entry is empty

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = offset_entry(size_offset_table() - 1);

   guarantee(ioe->interface_klass() == NULL && ioe->offset() == 0, "terminator entry missing");

 }

 void klassItable::initialize_itable_for_interface(int method_table_offset, KlassHandle interf_h, bool checkconstraints, TRAPS) {

   objArrayHandle methods(THREAD, instanceKlass::cast(interf_h())->methods());

   int nof_methods = methods()->length();

   HandleMark hm;

   KlassHandle klass = _klass;

   assert(nof_methods > 0, "at least one method must exist for interface to be in vtable")

   Handle interface_loader (THREAD, instanceKlass::cast(interf_h())->class_loader());

   int ime_num = 0;

   // Skip first methodOop if it is a class initializer

   int i = ((methodOop)methods()->obj_at(0))->name() != vmSymbols::class_initializer_name() ? 0 : 1;

   // m, method_name, method_signature, klass reset each loop so they

   // don't need preserving across check_signature_loaders call

   // methods needs a handle in case of gc from check_signature_loaders

   for(; i < nof_methods; i++) {

     methodOop m = (methodOop)methods()->obj_at(i);

     symbolOop method_name = m->name();

     symbolOop method_signature = m->signature();

     // This is same code as in Linkresolver::lookup_instance_method_in_klasses

     methodOop target = klass->uncached_lookup_method(method_name, method_signature);

     while (target != NULL && target->is_static()) {

       // continue with recursive lookup through the superclass

       klassOop super = Klass::cast(target->method_holder())->super();

       target = (super == NULL) ? methodOop(NULL) : Klass::cast(super)->uncached_lookup_method(method_name, method_signature);

     }

     if (target == NULL || !target->is_public() || target->is_abstract()) {

       // Entry do not resolve. Leave it empty

     } else {

       // Entry did resolve, check loader constraints before initializing

       // if checkconstraints requested

       methodHandle  target_h (THREAD, target); // preserve across gc

       if (checkconstraints) {

         Handle method_holder_loader (THREAD, instanceKlass::cast(target->method_holder())->class_loader());

         if (method_holder_loader() != interface_loader()) {

           ResourceMark rm(THREAD);

           char* failed_type_name =

             SystemDictionary::check_signature_loaders(method_signature,

                                                       method_holder_loader,

                                                       interface_loader,

                                                       true, CHECK);

           if (failed_type_name != NULL) {

             const char* msg = "loader constraint violation in interface "

               "itable initialization: when resolving method \"%s\" the class"

               " loader (instance of %s) of the current class, %s, "

               "and the class loader (instance of %s) for interface "

               "%s have different Class objects for the type %s "

               "used in the signature";

             char* sig = target_h()->name_and_sig_as_C_string();

             const char* loader1 = SystemDictionary::loader_name(method_holder_loader());

             char* current = klass->name()->as_C_string();

             const char* loader2 = SystemDictionary::loader_name(interface_loader());

             char* iface = instanceKlass::cast(interf_h())->name()->as_C_string();

             size_t buflen = strlen(msg) + strlen(sig) + strlen(loader1) +

               strlen(current) + strlen(loader2) + strlen(iface) +

               strlen(failed_type_name);

             char* buf = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY_IN_THREAD(THREAD, char, buflen);

             jio_snprintf(buf, buflen, msg, sig, loader1, current, loader2,

                          iface, failed_type_name);

             THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_LinkageError(), buf);

           }

         }

       }

       // ime may have moved during GC so recalculate address

       itableOffsetEntry::method_entry(_klass(), method_table_offset)[ime_num].initialize(target_h());

     }

     // Progress to next entry

     ime_num++;

   }

 }

 // Update entry for specific methodOop

 void klassItable::initialize_with_method(methodOop m) {

   itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

   for(int i = 0; i < _size_method_table; i++) {

     if (ime->method() == m) {

       ime->initialize(m);

     }

     ime++;

   }

 }

 void klassItable::adjust_method_entries(methodOop* old_methods, methodOop* new_methods,

                                         int methods_length, bool * trace_name_printed) {

   // search the itable for uses of either obsolete or EMCP methods

   for (int j = 0; j < methods_length; j++) {

     methodOop old_method = old_methods[j];

     methodOop new_method = new_methods[j];

     itableMethodEntry* ime = method_entry(0);

     // The itable can describe more than one interface and the same

     // method signature can be specified by more than one interface.

     // This means we have to do an exhaustive search to find all the

     // old_method references.

     for (int i = 0; i < _size_method_table; i++) {

       if (ime->method() == old_method) {

         ime->initialize(new_method);

         if (RC_TRACE_IN_RANGE(0x00100000, 0x00400000)) {

           if (!(*trace_name_printed)) {

             // RC_TRACE_MESG macro has an embedded ResourceMark

             RC_TRACE_MESG(("adjust: name=%s",

               Klass::cast(old_method->method_holder())->external_name()));

             *trace_name_printed = true;

           }

           // RC_TRACE macro has an embedded ResourceMark

           RC_TRACE(0x00200000, ("itable method update: %s(%s)",

             new_method->name()->as_C_string(),

             new_method->signature()->as_C_string()));

         }

         break;

       }

       ime++;

     }

   }

 }

 // Setup

 class InterfaceVisiterClosure : public StackObj {

  public:

   virtual void doit(klassOop intf, int method_count) = 0;

 };

 // Visit all interfaces with at-least one method (excluding <clinit>)

 void visit_all_interfaces(objArrayOop transitive_intf, InterfaceVisiterClosure *blk) {

   // Handle array argument

   for(int i = 0; i < transitive_intf->length(); i++) {

     klassOop intf = (klassOop)transitive_intf->obj_at(i);

     assert(Klass::cast(intf)->is_interface(), "sanity check");

     // Find no. of methods excluding a <clinit>

     int method_count = instanceKlass::cast(intf)->methods()->length();

     if (method_count > 0) {

       methodOop m = (methodOop)instanceKlass::cast(intf)->methods()->obj_at(0);

       assert(m != NULL && m->is_method(), "sanity check");

       if (m->name() == vmSymbols::object_initializer_name()) {

         method_count--;

       }

     }

     // Only count interfaces with at least one method

     if (method_count > 0) {

       blk->doit(intf, method_count);

     }

   }

 }

 class CountInterfacesClosure : public InterfaceVisiterClosure {

  private:

   int _nof_methods;

   int _nof_interfaces;

  public:

    CountInterfacesClosure() { _nof_methods = 0; _nof_interfaces = 0; }

    int nof_methods() const    { return _nof_methods; }

    int nof_interfaces() const { return _nof_interfaces; }

    void doit(klassOop intf, int method_count) { _nof_methods += method_count; _nof_interfaces++; }

 };

 class SetupItableClosure : public InterfaceVisiterClosure  {

  private:

   itableOffsetEntry* _offset_entry;

   itableMethodEntry* _method_entry;

   address            _klass_begin;

  public:

   SetupItableClosure(address klass_begin, itableOffsetEntry* offset_entry, itableMethodEntry* method_entry) {

     _klass_begin  = klass_begin;

     _offset_entry = offset_entry;

     _method_entry = method_entry;

   }

   itableMethodEntry* method_entry() const { return _method_entry; }

   void doit(klassOop intf, int method_count) {

     int offset = ((address)_method_entry) - _klass_begin;

     _offset_entry->initialize(intf, offset);

     _offset_entry++;

     _method_entry += method_count;

   }

 };

 int klassItable::compute_itable_size(objArrayHandle transitive_interfaces) {

   // Count no of interfaces and total number of interface methods

   CountInterfacesClosure cic;

   visit_all_interfaces(transitive_interfaces(), &cic);

   // There's alway an extra itable entry so we can null-terminate it.

   int itable_size = calc_itable_size(cic.nof_interfaces() + 1, cic.nof_methods());

   // Statistics

   update_stats(itable_size * HeapWordSize);

   return itable_size;

 }

 // Fill out offset table and interface klasses into the itable space

 void klassItable::setup_itable_offset_table(instanceKlassHandle klass) {

   if (klass->itable_length() == 0) return;

   assert(!klass->is_interface(), "Should have zero length itable");

   // Count no of interfaces and total number of interface methods

   CountInterfacesClosure cic;

   visit_all_interfaces(klass->transitive_interfaces(), &cic);

   int nof_methods    = cic.nof_methods();

   int nof_interfaces = cic.nof_interfaces();

   // Add one extra entry so we can null-terminate the table

   nof_interfaces++;

   assert(compute_itable_size(objArrayHandle(klass->transitive_interfaces())) ==

          calc_itable_size(nof_interfaces, nof_methods),

          "mismatch calculation of itable size");

   // Fill-out offset table

   itableOffsetEntry* ioe = (itableOffsetEntry*)klass->start_of_itable();

   itableMethodEntry* ime = (itableMethodEntry*)(ioe + nof_interfaces);

   intptr_t* end               = klass->end_of_itable();

   assert((oop*)(ime + nof_methods) <= (oop*)klass->start_of_static_fields(), "wrong offset calculation (1)");

   assert((oop*)(end) == (oop*)(ime + nof_methods),                      "wrong offset calculation (2)");

   // Visit all interfaces and initialize itable offset table

   SetupItableClosure sic((address)klass->as_klassOop(), ioe, ime);

   visit_all_interfaces(klass->transitive_interfaces(), &sic);

 #ifdef ASSERT

   ime  = sic.method_entry();

   oop* v = (oop*) klass->end_of_itable();

   assert( (oop*)(ime) == v, "wrong offset calculation (2)");

 #endif

 }

 // m must be a method in an interface

 int klassItable::compute_itable_index(methodOop m) {

   klassOop intf = m->method_holder();

   assert(instanceKlass::cast(intf)->is_interface(), "sanity check");

   objArrayOop methods = instanceKlass::cast(intf)->methods();

   int index = 0;

   while(methods->obj_at(index) != m) {

     index++;

     assert(index < methods->length(), "should find index for resolve_invoke");

   }

   // Adjust for <clinit>, which is left out of table if first method

   if (methods->length() > 0 && ((methodOop)methods->obj_at(0))->name() == vmSymbols::class_initializer_name()) {

     index--;

   }

   return index;

 }

 void klassVtable::verify(outputStream* st, bool forced) {

   // make sure table is initialized

   if (!Universe::is_fully_initialized()) return;

 #ifndef PRODUCT

   // avoid redundant verifies

   if (!forced && _verify_count == Universe::verify_count()) return;

   _verify_count = Universe::verify_count();

 #endif

   oop* end_of_obj = (oop*)_klass() + _klass()->size();

   oop* end_of_vtable = (oop *)&table()[_length];

   if (end_of_vtable > end_of_obj) {

     fatal1("klass %s: klass object too short (vtable extends beyond end)",

           _klass->internal_name());

   }

   for (int i = 0; i < _length; i++) table()[i].verify(this, st);

   // verify consistency with superKlass vtable

   klassOop super = _klass->super();

   if (super != NULL) {

     instanceKlass* sk = instanceKlass::cast(super);

     klassVtable* vt = sk->vtable();

     for (int i = 0; i < vt->length(); i++) {

       verify_against(st, vt, i);

     }

   }

 }

 void klassVtable::verify_against(outputStream* st, klassVtable* vt, int index) {

   vtableEntry* vte = &vt->table()[index];

   if (vte->method()->name()      != table()[index].method()->name() ||

       vte->method()->signature() != table()[index].method()->signature()) {

     fatal("mismatched name/signature of vtable entries");

   }

 }

 #ifndef PRODUCT

 void klassVtable::print() {

   ResourceMark rm;

   tty->print("klassVtable for klass %s (length %d):\n", _klass->internal_name(), length());

   for (int i = 0; i < length(); i++) {

     table()[i].print();

     tty->cr();

   }

 }

 #endif

 void vtableEntry::verify(klassVtable* vt, outputStream* st) {

   NOT_PRODUCT(FlagSetting fs(IgnoreLockingAssertions, true));

   assert(method() != NULL, "must have set method");

   method()->verify();

   // we sub_type, because it could be a miranda method

   if (!vt->klass()->is_subtype_of(method()->method_holder())) {

 #ifndef PRODUCT

     print();

 #endif

     fatal1("vtableEntry %#lx: method is from subclass", this);

   }

 }

 #ifndef PRODUCT

 void vtableEntry::print() {

   ResourceMark rm;

   tty->print("vtableEntry %s: ", method()->name()->as_C_string());

   if (Verbose) {

     tty->print("m %#lx ", (address)method());

   }

 }

 class VtableStats : AllStatic {

  public:

   static int no_klasses;                // # classes with vtables

   static int no_array_klasses;          // # array classes

   static int no_instance_klasses;       // # instanceKlasses

   static int sum_of_vtable_len;         // total # of vtable entries

   static int sum_of_array_vtable_len;   // total # of vtable entries in array klasses only

   static int fixed;                     // total fixed overhead in bytes

   static int filler;                    // overhead caused by filler bytes

   static int entries;                   // total bytes consumed by vtable entries

   static int array_entries;             // total bytes consumed by array vtable entries

   static void do_class(klassOop k) {

     Klass* kl = k->klass_part();

     klassVtable* vt = kl->vtable();

     if (vt == NULL) return;

     no_klasses++;

     if (kl->oop_is_instance()) {

       no_instance_klasses++;

       kl->array_klasses_do(do_class);

     }

     if (kl->oop_is_array()) {

       no_array_klasses++;

       sum_of_array_vtable_len += vt->length();

     }

     sum_of_vtable_len += vt->length();

   }

   static void compute() {

     SystemDictionary::classes_do(do_class);

     fixed  = no_klasses * oopSize;      // vtable length

     // filler size is a conservative approximation

     filler = oopSize * (no_klasses - no_instance_klasses) * (sizeof(instanceKlass) - sizeof(arrayKlass) - 1);

     entries = sizeof(vtableEntry) * sum_of_vtable_len;

     array_entries = sizeof(vtableEntry) * sum_of_array_vtable_len;

   }

 };

 int VtableStats::no_klasses = 0;

 int VtableStats::no_array_klasses = 0;

 int VtableStats::no_instance_klasses = 0;

 int VtableStats::sum_of_vtable_len = 0;

 int VtableStats::sum_of_array_vtable_len = 0;

 int VtableStats::fixed = 0;

 int VtableStats::filler = 0;

 int VtableStats::entries = 0;

 int VtableStats::array_entries = 0;

 void klassVtable::print_statistics() {

   ResourceMark rm;

   HandleMark hm;

   VtableStats::compute();

   tty->print_cr("vtable statistics:");

   tty->print_cr("%6d classes (%d instance, %d array)", VtableStats::no_klasses, VtableStats::no_instance_klasses, VtableStats::no_array_klasses);

   int total = VtableStats::fixed + VtableStats::filler + VtableStats::entries;

   tty->print_cr("%6d bytes fixed overhead (refs + vtable object header)", VtableStats::fixed);

   tty->print_cr("%6d bytes filler overhead", VtableStats::filler);

   tty->print_cr("%6d bytes for vtable entries (%d for arrays)", VtableStats::entries, VtableStats::array_entries);

   tty->print_cr("%6d bytes total", total);

 }

 bool klassVtable::check_no_old_entries() {

   // Check that there really is no entry

   for (int i = 0; i < length(); i++) {

     methodOop m = unchecked_method_at(i);

     if (m != NULL) {

         if (m->is_old()) {

             return false;

         }

     }

   }

   return true;

 }

 void klassVtable::dump_vtable() {

   tty->print_cr("vtable dump --");

   for (int i = 0; i < length(); i++) {

     methodOop m = unchecked_method_at(i);

     if (m != NULL) {

       tty->print("      (%5d)  ", i);

       m->access_flags().print_on(tty);

       tty->print(" --  ");

       m->print_name(tty);

       tty->cr();

     }

   }

 }

 int  klassItable::_total_classes;   // Total no. of classes with itables

 long klassItable::_total_size;      // Total no. of bytes used for itables

 void klassItable::print_statistics() {

  tty->print_cr("itable statistics:");

  tty->print_cr("%6d classes with itables", _total_classes);

  tty->print_cr("%6d K uses for itables (average by class: %d bytes)", _total_size / K, _total_size / _total_classes);

 }

 #endif // PRODUCT